The complete mitochondrial genome of Aclees taiwanensis Kôno, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Aclees taiwanensis collected in Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. taiwanensis is 17,435 bp, longer than that of Aclees cribratus, and includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a control region/D-loop. The AT ratio is 75.4%. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees showed that A. taiwanensis was clustered with A. cribratus with full-support values for both trees.


Aclees taiwanensis
, which is native to Asia (Meregalli et al. 2020), is an insect pest of Ficus spp.: it is especially a major threat for the fig tree, Ficus carica (Farina et al. 2020). In Korea, this species was firstly reported on F. carica in the Haenam-gun district of Jeonnam Province in 2020, and is considered one of the most invasive species recently introduced to Korea (Hong et al. 2020). To study genetic variations with A. taiwanensis samples from other countries, we sequenced the first complete mitogenome of A. taiwanensis collected in Korea, which can be used to track their origin in the integrated systems such as the Integrated Platform for Invasive Pests .
The Acelees taiwanensis mitogenome (GenBank accession: MZ305480) is 17,435 bp long, which is the longer than that of A. cribratus (Wang et al. 2020). It contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a control region/D-loop. Its nucleotide composition is AT-biased (A þ T is 75.4%), similar to that of A. cribratus (75.8%; Wang et al. 2020). The gene order of A. taiwanensis is conserved in 27 Curculionidae mitogenomes.
We inferred the phylogenetic relationship of 27 Curculionidae mitogenomes for which annotation was available and species had been identified, including the A. taiwanensis mitogenome and one outgroup species, Cyllorhynchites ursulus (Roelofs, 1874) (Coleoptera: Rhynchitinae) (Kim and Lee 2018). Multiple sequence alignments of each conserved PCGs were conducted using MAFFT v7.450 (Katoh and Standley 2013) and were merged for constructing phylogenetic trees. Bootstrapped maximum-likelihood (ML) with 1,000 pseudoreplicates and Bayesian Inference (BI) trees were constructed using MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018) and MrBayes v3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012), respectively, based on the concatenated multiple sequence alignment of the conserved genes. A heuristic search was adopted with the option of nearest-neighbor interchange branch swapping, the Tamura-Nei model, and uniform rates among sites for the ML tree with default values for the remaining options. The BI tree was constructed using the GTR model with gamma rates as the molecular model, Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm for 1,000,000 generations, and sampling trees every 200 generations, with four chains running simultaneously. Phylogenetic trees showed that A. taiwanensis was clustered with A. cribratus with full supportive values of the ML and BI trees (Figure 1). In addition, both trees displayed that two subfamilies, Cryptorhynchinae and Molytinae, that were not monophyletic (Figure 1), suggesting that additional mitogenomes of Cryptorhynchinae and Molytinae subfamilies are required to confirm whether the two subfamilies are also paraphyletic or not.

Author contribution
The article was designed and conceived by Ki-Jeong Hong, Jongsun Park and Wonhoon Lee; Chao Woong Ki, In-Jun Lee collected and identified the insect material; Ki-Jeong Hong and Hyobin Lee contributed significantly to phylogenetic analysis and manuscript preparation; Jongsun Park and Wonhoon Lee were involved in the interpretation of the data and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content.  Figure 1. Maximum-likelihood (1,000 bootstrap repeats) and Bayesian Inference phylogenetic trees of 27 mitochondrial genomes of Curculionidae and one outgroup species. A phylogenetic tree was drawn based on the maximum-likelihood tree. Subfamily names are displayed with indicate lines in the right side of the tree and family name of the outgroup was displayed inside the bracket. The numbers above branches indicate supportive values of Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian Inference phylogenetic trees, respectively.
All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure statement
Authors declare that there is no ethical or legal violation in obtaining the study materials and preforming research. In addition, no potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding
This paper was supported by Sunchon National University Research Fund in 2021.