The complete mitochondrial genome of Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri, 1916) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri, 1916), an important solitary opiinae endoparasitoid, plays a crucial role in biological control programs against tephritid pests. In this study, the entire mitochondrial (mt) genome of P. incisi was sequenced and characterized. The whole mitogenome of P. incisi is 15,188 bp long with a G + C content of 14.80%, and encodes all 37 genes that are typically found in animal mt genomes, which contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). A maximum-likelihood (ML) tree demonstrates that P. incisi is closely related to Psyttalia lounsburyi, Psyttalia humilis, and Psyttalia concolor.

Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri, 1916) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a local parasitoid in Fujian Province, China and has become an important biocontrol agent that aim to suppress tephtirid pest populations and therefore reduce economic loss (Yang et al. 2018;Lin et al. 2021). However, to date, few researches concerning its genome information was available. Thus, in this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of P. incisi for the first time and analyzed the phylogenetic relationship between P. incisi and other braconid wasps.
The adult samples were collected from a pomelo orchard in Zhangzhou City (24.36395 N, 117.3124 E), Fujian Province, China. The voucher specimens were deposited at the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University with an accession number of 20181001FA (URL: http://zbxy.fafu.edu.cn; contact: Qinge Ji, jiqinge@fafu.edu.cn).
Genomic DNA was extracted using the CTAB extraction method (Vanzyme, Nanjing, China) and a 400-bp insert library was constructed and then sequenced by Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform in 150 bp paired-end read. Raw data was filtered in fastp v.0.20.0 ) resulting in 24,409,678 clean reads, which were then assembled by SPAdes v.3.9.0 software (Bankevich et al. 2012) and annotated by MITOS web server (Bernt et al. 2013).
The length of whole mitochondrial genome of P. incisi is 15,188 bp, which contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a putative control region (CR). The base composition of the mt genome is 40.33% for A, 8.53% for G, 6.27% for C, 44.87% for T, with a total A þ T content of 85.20%, which is heavily biased toward A and T. For the PCGs, six genes (cox2, atp8, nad3, nad5, nad4l, nad6) had an initiation codon of ATT, five (cox1, cox3, atp6, cob, nad4) had ATG, and two had ATA (nad1, nad2). All PCGs had the stop codon TAA, except for atp8 and nad3 which contained TAG.
We analyzed the nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs using the Maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) approaches to understand the phylogenetic relationship of P. incisi with 11 other species belonging to the family Braconidae. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with PhyloSuite (Zhang et al. 2020) that was used to conduct, manage and streamline the analyses with the help of several plug-in programs: 13 sequences were aligned in batches with MAFFT (Katoh and Standley 2013) using default parameters, refined using the codon-aware program MACSE v. 2.03 (Ranwez et al. 2018) and removed ambiguously aligned fragments of 13 alignments using Gblocks (Talavera and Castresana 2007). ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017) was used to select the best-fit partition model (Edge-linked) using AICc criterion. Maximum likelihood phylogenies were inferred using IQ-TREE under the model automatically selected by IQ-TREE ('Auto' option in IQ-TREE) for 20,000 ultrafast (Minh et al. 2013) bootstraps, approximate Bayes test (Anisimova et al. 2011), as well as the Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood-ratio test (Guindon et al. 2010). Bayesian Inference phylogenies were inferred using MrBayes 3.2.6 under partition model (2 parallel runs, 5,000,000 generations), in which the initial 25% of sampled data were discarded as burn-in. The phylogenetic trees indicated that P. incisi clustered with Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia humilis and Psyttalia lounsburyi as a separated clade. The result further confirmed that P. incisi, P. concolor, P. humilis, P. lounsburyi, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Fopius arisanus were close to each other, as they all belong to the subfamily Opiinae. So far, there are few studies related to the genome analysis of P. incisi, and therefore this study would further clarify the phylogenetic relationship of the Braconidae family and provide valuable information for further studies (Figure 1).

Ethical approval
This study was completed in the laboratory under the premise of the ethical standards, so it was exempted from any ethical approval and didn't need any permissions to carry it out.

Author contributions
Pumo Cai, Deqing Yang, Tsunglin Chou performed the data analyses and wrote the manuscript; Xuxing Hao, Lili Jiang, Xiang Lin performed the experiment; Guoqing Yue, Kang Xiao helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions; Jia Lin contributed significantly to analysis and manuscript preparation; Qinge Ji contributed to the conception of the study； and that all authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).  Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies of the Braconidae inferred from nucleotides of 13 PCGs using Bayesian and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods (GenBank accession numbers provided). The Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and bootstrap support (BS) are marked besides the nodes.