The complete mitochondrial genome of an ornamental firefly Pyrocoelia analis (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)

Abstract Pyrocoelia analis (Fabricius, 1801) (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Pyrocoelia) is a beautiful ornamental insect widely distributed in East and Southeast Asia. The complete mitogenome of P. analis has been sequenced. The mitogenome, total length of 14,785 bp, includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs, and a noncoding D-loop region. The overall base composition of Pyrocoelia analis mitogenome is 34.63% for A, 13.69% for C, 42.79% for T, and 8.89% for G, with a high A + T bias of 77.42%. These mitogenome data might be useful for further phylogeography analyses and other related studies in Hymenoptera.

Pyrocoelia analis (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Pyrocoelia), a beautiful and popular ornamental insect in China, is widely distributed in East and Southeast Asia (Osozawa et al. 2015). The body length is 14-21 mm, which is larger than glowworms, and it is like an elf in the forest, it has more ornamental value than ordinary fireflies. Pyrocoelia analis in the larval stage also has great ornamental value. But in the larval stage, Pyrocoelia analis is difficult to distinguish from other glowworms of Pyrocoelia, then mitochondrial genome sequencing is needed to help distinguish the larval classification (Gill et al. 2003;Jeng et al. 2011). Previous studies on this species mainly have been focused on taxonomic description and biological habit of adults, and only a few studies have been done on genes. However, genetic characteristic is the key factor in the study of biodiversity and phylogeny, so elucidating the mitochondrial genome structure of Pyrocoelia analis is crucial to understanding its diversity and evolution (Zhao et al. 2019).
The total mitogenome length (GenBank accession no. OK323960) is 14,785 bp, including 13 typical invertebrate protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The A&T content of the whole Pyrocoelia analis mitogenome is 77.42% showing an obvious AT mutation bias (Eyre-Walker 1997).
All the 13 PCGs use standard ATN (Met) start codons (ATG in ATP6, COX3, CytB; ATT in ND2, COX1, ATP8; ATA in COX2, ND6, ND3; CAT in ND4, ND4L; AAT in ND5; TAT in ND1). The stop codons of the PCGs include four TAA (ND2, ND6, CytB, and ATP8), three TAG (COX1, COX2, and ND3), three TTA (ND4, ND4L, and ND5), and one CTA (ND1), whereas ATP6 and COX3 terminated with incomplete stop codon T (Yin et al. 2012). The most frequently used codons (ATT-Ile, TTA-Leu, TTT-Phe, ATA-Met, AAT-Asn, and TAT-Tyr) are composed of T or A þ T, whereas the least used codons (ACG-Thr, CTG-Leu, GCG-Ala, CGC-Ser, etc.) have a high content of G þ C. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) exhibits extensive similarity with other Sciaridae mitogenomes in a previous study. Codon usage of PCGs shows a significant bias of high A þ T content, which plays a major role in the A þ T bias of the entire mitogenome (Yang et al. 2013). The 22 tRNA genes vary in size from 61 bp to 71 bp, whereas the 12S and 16S rRNA genes are 732 bp and 1247 bp in length, respectively.
Based on all PCGs of nine published Lampyridae and a Rhagophthalmidae mitogenomes, the phylogenetic tree (Figure 1) was constructed using ML and Bayesian inference (BI). The result showed that Pyrocoelia analis is closely related to Pyrocoelia rufa, which is in accordance with the traditional morphological classification. The mitogenome data from this study provide a better understanding for the phylogenetic relationship and speciation of Lampyridae.

Ethics statement
In this study, all experimental protocols relating to animal experiments were in accordance with the measures for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animal of Zhejiang Province, China (approved by the Zhejiang Provincial Government in 2009 and promulgated by Decree No. 263). All animal experiments in this study were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhejiang A&F University (Lin'an, Zhejiang, China) to ensure compliance with international animal welfare guidelines. All the research meets ethical guidelines and adheres to the legal requirements of the study country.

Author contributions
Xiaoyang Ji conceived and designed the research; Xiaoyang Ji and Huachao Xu were involved in the analysis and interpretation of the data; Xiaoyang Ji wrote the drafting of the paper and revised the manuscript. Huachao Xu critically reviewed the article regarding its intellectual content. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure statement
Authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding
This study was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Forestry Administration [Grant No. 2020SY08].