The complete mitogenome of Lasioglossum affine (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and phylogenetic analysis

Abstract The complete mitogenome of Lasioglossum affine (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) was sequenced and analyzed. The whole mitogenome is 17,352 bp (AT%=84.1%) and encodes 37 typical eukaryotic mitochondrial genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and an AT-rich region. Further analysis found three gene rearrangements, where trn I-Q-M → trn M-I-Q, trn W-C-Y → trn C-W-Y, and trn K-D → trn D-K were shuffled. The phylogenetic relationships of 19 species of Hymenoptera were established using maximum-likelihood method based on 13 concatenated PCGs. The result showed that Lasioglossum affine is a sister of Lasioglossum sp. SJW-2017.

Lasioglossum affine, also known as Evylaeus affine (Smith 1853), belongs to genus Lasioglossum of the family Halictidae (Sakagami et al. 1982). It is a native species in Heilongjiang, Taiwan, Hunan of China, and also distributes in Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia (Sakagami et al. 1982;Packer 1991;Murao et al. 2014). Up to now, little systematic research on the genus Lasioglossum in China has been conducted. Therefore, this gap needs to be addressed (Zhang et al. 2012). To explore the genus phylogeny, the first complete mitogenome of L. affine was sequenced and analyzed. The specimen was collected for the first time in Longping village, Cili county, Hunan of China (N 29.450217, E 110.096235). The samples used in this study are stored in the Key Laboratory of Vector Insects in Chongqing Normal University (No. 2018-HN-807). GenBank accession number of this mitogenome is MT780494.
A pair-end (PE) library was built and mitochondrial DNA sequencing was implemented on Illumina Nova seq 6000 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Subsequently, de novo assembly and annotation of complete mitochondrial sequence were carried out using SPAdes v3.9.0 (Bankevich et al. 2012) and MITOS (http://mitos.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de/ index.py) (Bernt et al. 2013), respectively. Finally, the complete mitochondrial genome of L. affine was assembled as a circular DNA molecule of 17,352 bp, encoding 13 proteincoding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and an AT-rich region (also called control region, CR). For whole mitogenome, AT content is 84.1%. Compared with the ancestral sequence of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) (Zhu et al. 2018), three gene rearrangements were found: trn I-Q-M ! trn M-I-Q, trn W-C-Y ! trn C-W-Y, and trn K-D ! trn D-K. Additionally, nine overlapping regions between gene sequences were scattered throughout the whole mitochondrial genome.
To explore the phylogeny of L. affine in order Hymenoptera, 18 complete mitogenome sequences were downloaded from GenBank, including three outgroups from family Vespidae (Vespa velutina, Vespa mandarinia, and Abispa ephippium). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using 13 concatenated PCGs based on the optimized evolutionary model of GTR þ GþI, and the maximum-likelihood (ML) tree was built using MEGA7 with 1000 bootstrap replicates (Kumar et al. 2016).
As shown in Figure 1, the phylogenetic relationships of all tested species were consistent with previous studies (He et al. 2018;Lu and Huang 2020

Data availability statement
The mitochondrial genome sequence used in this study can be obtained on NCBI through GenBank No. (NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and raw data were also openly available at SRA (https://trace.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/Traces/sra/?study=SRP278000).