The second complete mitochondrial genome of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): investigation of intraspecific variations on mitochondrial genome

Abstract We have determined the second mitochondrial genome of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 collected in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. The circular mitogenome of A. diaperinus is 15,512 bp long which is slightly longer than that of the previous mitogenome of A. diaperinus. It includes 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNAs. The base composition was AT-biased (72.4%). Intraspecific variation between two mitogenome of A. diaperinus was investigated: one SNP and one INDEL were identified, presenting the low level of intraspecific variations on mitochondrial genome.

In Korea, the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is one of the significant pests in the poultry industry (Axtell and Arends 1990). Recently, this beetle has infected in broiler chicken houses, resulting destruction of the insulate facilities of poultry houses, reduction of chick's overall performance, and transmission of pathogenic organisms which cause substantial economic losses for poultry producers (Nguyen et al. 2019).
A. diaperinus mitogenome (GenBank accession is MT610905) is 15,512 bp long, which is slightly longer than that of the previous mitogenome of A. diaperinus. It contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs, two rRNAs and its AT ratio is 72.4%. Gene order is conserved among 24 available Tenebrionidae mitogenomes.
Based on comparison of the two mitogenomes of A. diaperinus, we identified one SNP and one INDEL located in NAD4 and AT-rich regions, respectively. One SNP is non-synonymous SNP changing 142 nd amino acid of NAD4 from methionine to valine. Number of intraspecific variations identified in this study is similar to that of Laodelphax striatellus between D5 and D7 isolates   We inferred phylogenetic relationship of 25 Tenebrionidae mitogenomes, including two A. diaperinus mitogenome based on alignment of complete mito genomes by MAFFT 7.450 (Katoh and Standley 2013) after rearranging mitogenome sequences as same as the previous study (Hong et al. 2020). Bootstrapped neighbor joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018) and Mr. Bayes (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). It displays that two mitogenomes of A. diaperinus were clustered and three neighbor tribes were also clustered in one clade as same as the previous study (Hong et al. 2020; Figure 1).

Disclosure statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) at https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MT610905.   (MH836599 and MH908183). Phylogenetic tree was drawn based on maximum likelihood tree. The numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support values of maximum likelihood and neighbor joining phylogenetic trees and posterior probability value of Bayesian inference, respectively. Tribe names were displayed as light gray color and subfamily names were written as gray color.