The complete mitochondrial genome of Anoplocnemis curvipes F. (Coreinea, Coreidae, Heteroptera), a pest of fresh cowpea pods

Abstract The complete 16,345-bp mitochondrial genome of the agriculturally destructive pod sucking pest, the giant coreid bug, Anoplocnemis curvipes (Hemiptera: Coreidae), was assembled from paired-end Illumina HiSeq 2500 reads. The A. curvipes mitochondrial genome consists of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and a control region in the order and orientation typical among insects. PCG initiation codons (ATG, ATC, ATT and ATA) with termination codon (TAA) are used with the exception of TAG stop codons by Cytb and ND3. All tRNA genes fold into predicted cloverleaf secondary structures having requisite triplets on the anticodon loop, apart from tRNA-Ser1 (AGN) whose dihydrouridine (DHU) arm forms a simple loop. The phylogenetic analysis of hemipteran mitogenomes clusters to the family level and supports the monophyly of the five superfamilies in Pentatomomorpha of Hemiptera. The Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea are sister groups, while Coreidae and Alydidae are sister groups to Rhopalidae. These analyses provide insight to mitogenomics and evolutionary relationships among pentatomoid insects.

The giant coreid bug, Anoplocnemis curvipes, is a pod sucking pest insect of cultivated cowpea that causes damage by sucking sap from green pods, which leads to shrivelling and premature drying of the pod. Despite this destructive feeding behaviour, little genetic information exists for this species. Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are small in size, lack recombination and are maternally inherited and evolutionarily at a rapid rate, which make them an appealing tool for studying population structure, species differentiation and phylogenetics (Cameron 2014;Coates 2014). In the following, we describe the complete mitogenome sequence of A. curvipes and provide molecular and phylogenetic information for studies on Pentatomomorpha of Hemiptera.
Total genomic DNA extracted from a single adult A. curvipes collected from Benin (N 10 58.227 E 003 14.550), from which Illumina HiSeq2500 data were obtained as described by Coates (2014). Sequence data were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench 8.5 (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and annotated as described by Sun et al. (2017), and a phylogeny for the infraorder Pentatomomorpha of Hemiptera was constructed with MEGA 7.014 (Kumar et al. 2016) as described previously (Sun et al. 2017). The resulting complete 16,345-bp mitogenome (GenBank accession KY906099) has a high A þ T nucleotide content (41.5% A, 31.3% T, 16.6% C and 10.5% G), but is similar to that obtained in other hemipteran mitogenomes (Hua et al. 2008;Sun et al. 2017). The encoded 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes, and a non-coding A þ T-rich region are in an order and orientation that is also shared with the ancestral animal mitogenome (Boore 1999) and among other hemipteran insects (Hua et al. 2008;Sun et al. 2017). ATP 8 and ATP 6, and ND4 and ND4L each overlap one another by seven nucleotides. The PCGs of A. curvipes mitogenome are initiated with ATN start codon (ATG for ND2, ATP 6, COX III, ND5, ND4 and Cytb; ATC for COX I, ATP8 and ND3; ATT for COX II, ND4L and ND1; and ATA for ND6), and termination codons are comprised of 2 TAG and 11 TAA.
The alignment of 13 concatenated derived amino acid sequences from 26 complete hemipteran mitogenomes within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha, which includes 5 Coreoidea, 2 Pyrrhocoroidea, 5 Lygaeoidea, 9 Pentatomoidea and 5 Aradoidea (GenBank accessions provided in Figure 1). The resulting maximum likelihood (ML) analysis predicted that Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea form sister groups and each superfamily of Pentatomorpha (Coreoidea, Pyrrhocoroidea, Lygaeoidea, Pentatomoidea and Aradoidea) were all monophyletic with high node support. These results agree with prior morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses that showed Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea as sister groups (Tian et al. 2011;Kocher et al. 2014), as well as the monophyly of the five superfamilies in Pentatomomorpha (Hua et al. 2008). Our analyses comparatively expanded the number of mitogenomes from 15 to 26 Heteroptera.
Our analysis also suggests that Coreidae and Alydidae are sister groups to Rhopalidae, which agrees with prior predictions by Xie et al. (2005) and Hua et al. (2008).

Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflict of interest and are responsible for the content of this paper. We thank Susan Balfe for editing Figure 1. A specimen is stored at IITA in Cotonou, Benin.

Funding
This study was supported by The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Grain Legumes (formerly known as the Dry Grain Pulses Collaborative Research Support Program) and by the Bureau for Food Security, United States Agency for International Development under the terms of Grant No. EDH-A-00-07-00005-00 (to BRP). The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development, the USDA, or the U.S. Government.