Distribution, call and habitat of Pristimantis dundeei (Anura, Craugastoridae)

ABSTRACT Two species of Pristimantis are known to exist in the Cerrado Biome, P. dundeei and P. ventrigranulous. Here we report on new localities for P. dundeei that extend its known distribution and present new data on its call and habitat. The new data are from Santo Antônio do Leverger, Barra do Garças and Pontal do Araguaia (MT). Calls were noticeably pulsed to the human ear, with 2–12 similar notes released at a rate of 16–21/s. Calls lasted from 136 to 642 ms, with frequency peaks at 3937–4125 kHz. We found three emphasized frequency bands that were not harmonically related one each other, the second being the dominant one. Males called from a wide range of habitats, from bushes or trees, from open areas or inside forests. Our data from Barra do Garças extend the distribution of P. dundeei up to 380 km to east, which place it in close range to P. ventrigranulous. With regard to characteristics of their call and morphology, these two species cannot be distinguished by any feature. Further studies that consider their genetic distance would be decisive to an eventual synonymization of the two species.


Introduction
Currently, two species of Pristimantis are known to exist in the Cerrado Biome of Central Brazil, P. dundeei (Heyer & Muñoz 1999) and P. ventrigranulosus Maciel, Vaz-Silva, Oliveira & Padial 2012. Both have been placed in the P. conspicillatus group and are phenotypically similar in both call and morphology [1]. Currently, these Pristimantis species are thought to be restricted to their respective type localities [1,2]. Here, we report on a new call record of P. dundeei from around the type locality and in new localities that extends its known distribution within the Cerrado Biome, and, with the aim of improving its taxonomic circumscription, we also provide further data on its advertisement call and habitat.

Materials and methods
The new data for P. dundeei (Figures 1 and 2 Temporal traits were measured on oscillograms but also taking into account the spectrograms. The frequency peaks of the dominant, lower and higher emphasized bands were measured. Maximal and minimal energy of a call was evaluated through the frequency 5% and 95% functions of Raven. Sound figures were made using the seewave package v. 1.7.6 [4] in R platform v. 3.3.1 [5], with the following settings: window = Hanning, overlap = 85% and FFT = 256 samples. Call vouchers are in the Museu de Biodiversidade do Cerrado, Universidade Federal

Results
Calls from St. A. Leverger (Figure 3 above) were noticeably pulsed to the human ear, with 9-12 similar notes (heard as pulses) released at a rate of 19 notes/ s. Calls lasted from 470 to 642 ms. Three emphasized frequency bands which were not harmonically related one each other were present, the second being the dominant one (4125 kHz). Calls from Barra do Garças (Figure 3 below) were noticeably pulsed to the human ear, with 2-6 similar notes released at a rate of 16-21 notes/s. Calls lasted from 136 to 314 ms. Three emphasized frequency bands which were not harmonically related one each other were present, the second being the dominant one (3375-3937 kHz). Further details of call traits and comparative data from Heyer and Muñoz (1999) are presented in Table 1.

Habitat
In St. A. Leverger, the male called while perched inside a small shaded area composed of herbaceous vegetation and mediumhigh trees, near the margin of an artificial permanent pond. The Barra do Garças specimens (N > 10) called from disturbed open grassy fields (ca. 50 m from the forest border), from forest borders and from inside gallery forests while perched at a height of less than 1.5 m. Males were heard from the base to the top of the hill at Serra Azul. In Pontal do Araguaia, a male was heard calling from a riparian forest.

Additional remarks
Considering the diagnostic features of P. dundeei in relation to P. vetrigranulosus (Pv) listed in Maciel et al. (2012), a comparison with our specimens is as follows (Figures 1 and 2): belly granules absent or poorly defined (defined in Pv); two poorly defined (colour and texture) nuptial pads, one on the thumb and another bordering the outer margin of the inner metacarpal tubercle (single in Pv), dorsal skin coarsely shagreen or shagreen (coarsely shagreen in Pv), a few scattered dorsal flat warts (Figure 1) (absent in Pv), finger fringes weakly developed (weakly developed or absent in Pv) and toe fringes discernible (weakly developed in Pv).

Discussion
Currently, Pristimantis dundeei is only known from its type locality [2], and our data from St. A. Leverger extend its distribution by about 50 km to the southeast within the Chapada dos Guimarães and our new findings in Barra do Garças by up to 380 km to the east, significantly enlarging its known area of distribution within the Cerrado Biome.
Although at the opposite margins of the Araguaia/ Garças Rivers, our record to Barra do Garças (vouchered) places P. dundeei in close (about 95 km to Southeast) range to P. ventrigranulous. Major call features of P.   The mean values from the Barra do Garças population were quite comparable with those around the type locality.
As seen to call features, the morphological differentiation between Pristimantis dundeei and P. ventrigranulosus is quite poor (e.g. nuptial pads barely discernible; extension of the ventral granulation quite variable), so that the two species cannot be distinguished by any feature. Given these difficulties, further studies addressing an evaluation of their genetic distance, as has already been conducted with other Pristimantis species [6], would be decisive to an eventual synonymization of these two species.

Author contribution
All the authors worked in the field and provided information for the manuscript. Ariovaldo A. Giaretta conducted the call analysis produced photographs and figures and wrote the draft manuscript.