Impacts of soil erosion on ecosystem provisioning services: Oddo Shakiso District, Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Abstract Ecosystem services are vital for the well-being of all life on the earth’s surface. However, soil loss resulting from soil erosion affects ecosystem services and societal well-being, which is a difficulty facing humans currently. Though the main objectives of the study were to assess the impacts of soil erosion on the provision of food and fresh water services in Odo Shakiso district, The sequential explanatory research design was employed to identify the impacts of soil erosion, and questionnaires were distributed to 309 households with two site residents, and key informant discussions were held with ten individuals selected from organizations. Binary logistic regression would be used to analyze the relationships and effects among variables. At Odo Shakiso, the soil erosion is equated with the statistics of potential slight erosion type, which has the prime change, and the result shows soil loss has high significant impacts on the productivity of land, availability of water, and fuel wood access (p < 0.01) and has significant effects on land use (p < 0.05). A common considerate effect of soil erosion on ecosystem provisioning services and these linked interactions is essential to making sound decisions, and our results could also help to intervene in the policy of sustainable land management and soil conservation decisions to mount future human socioeconomic and environmental quality. Therefore, before this great abode of diverse ecosystem services and the all-over existence of the surrounding communities’ soil are gradually devastated, decisive measures need to be taken by the concerned stakeholders.


Introduction
Globally, people are dependent on the functioning of ecosystems to survive and improve their standards of living.The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005) defines ecosystems as "a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and their nonliving environment interacting as a functional unit" (p.49).Ecosystem services provide provisioning services or goods, such as food, fuel, and fiber.People are also dependent on regulating services such as climate regulation and disease control.There are also nonmaterial benefits that ecosystems provide, such as spiritual or aesthetic benefits.
Soil is the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems, and the majority of ecosystem services needed for human survival arise from soil (Kibblewhite et al., 2008).Ecosystem services provided by soil can be supporting (e.g., primary production and biodiversity) or regulatory (e.g., erosion control, water infiltration, nutrient retention, atmospheric gas regulation, and pest control) (MEA, 2005).By definition, ecosystem services benefit human welfare and represent nature's capital (Costanza & d'Arge, 1997).Many ecosystem services inherently depend on soil health and the biodiversity of the soil biota (Barrios, 2007).This indicates that human society cannot function without ecosystem services (Wang et al., 2018) and the dependency of humans on nature, as well as the need to prioritize and attend to all human activities in the environment (Barrett & Bevis, 2015) and soil erosion is a vital challenging to outbreak ecosystem services, which are essential for the human being to survive over the earth, although the relationship between soil and ecosystem provisioning services is indistinct for the human being who depends on nature totally, as examined by different academics.
The loss of soil from land surfaces by erosion is widespread globally and adversely affects the productivity of all-natural biodiversity as well as agricultural, forest, and rangeland ecosystems (Lal & Stewart, 1990;Pimentel & Kounang, 1998;Pimentel et al., 1993Pimentel et al., , 1995)).Inclusive erosion can diminish the land's ability to produce harvests and lead to hardships in ecosystem services.Estimates suggest that soil erosion costs farmers about 4.3 billion USD per year (Gebreselassie, 2016).This estimate considers only provisioning and regulating ecosystem services, so it may be an underestimate.This value would substantially increase if cultural and supporting ecosystem services affected by soil erosion were included.
Soil erosion adversely hinders the growth of plants, agricultural yields, the quality of water, and recreation.It is a key cause of soil degradation, as it occurs naturally on all lands (DeMûelenaere et al., 2014).Soil erosion causes are water and wind, with each of these contributing to a significant level of yearly soil loss.Agriculture accounts for ~ 75% of soil erosion worldwide (Pimentel & Burgess, 2006), which makes it very hard to fulfill the basic needs of society around the world at present, especially in developing countries.In particular, in East Africa, where Ethiopia shows the highest erosion rates (Gessesse et al., 2014;Haile & Fetene, 2012), and where agriculture, predominantly in the highlands, is facing new strategies to combat desertification (Mekonnen et al., 2015), Land degradation manifests itself through soil erosion, nutrient depletion, loss of organic matter, acidification, and salination (Bewket & Teferi, 2009;Haile & Fetene, 2012).The soil loss rate by water ranges from 16 to over 300 mg ha1 per year in Ethiopia, mainly depending on the degree of slope gradient, intensity, type of land cover, and nature of rainfall intensities.
Based on different previous works and information from a large number of ecologists and researchers present a review of soil, ecosystem services depend on soil properties and their interaction and are mostly influenced by its use and management.Landslides, erosion, the decline in soil carbon, and biodiversity lead to soil degradation, which is a serious global challenge for food security and ecosystem sustainability (Godfray et al., 2010).The contribution of soils to human welfare beyond food production requires appreciation (Bratney et al., 2014), and this can be addressed by incorporating soils into the ecosystem services framework and linking it to the multitude of functions it provides (Daily, 1997) and (Olver, 2012), which state the ecosystem service trade-offs (carbon sequestration, habitat quality, nutrient retention, sediment retention, and seasonal water yield), which clarify the ability of scenarios to inform land-use policy.In Ethiopia, soil erosion is the leading cause of land degradation, contributing to the loss of crop production, a decrease in biodiversity, food and livelihood insecurity, siltation of waterways, shortage of fodder, and reduction of livestock productivity (Gessesse et al., 2014;Haile Selassie et al., 2005), but this study would be trying to address the soil erosion on food and drinking water by spelling out categories of ecosystem services at Odo Shakiso District.
The Odo Shakiso District has a considerable landscape of sharp and rugged hills, ridges, plateaus, valleys, and flats, with a value of more households engaged in agricultural activities and gold mining, which experienced numerous floods with severe soil erosion.With this background, this study would assess the impact of soil erosion on the selected ecosystem provisioning services of food and fresh water at the Odo Shakiso District to assess the associations and effects of soil erosion on these ecosystem provisioning services.
Though this study differs from the above and other related studies in that it presents specifically the impacts of soil erosion on ecosystem provisioning services (food and water) in the study area.Yet again, the explicit objectives were to describe causes of soil erosion, analyze its impacts on ecosystem provisioning of food and water, and acclaim the mechanism of soil conservation influences at Odo Shakiso District selected kebeles.

Objectives of the research
• To describe the causes of soil erosion.
• To identify the impacts of soil erosion on the provisioning of food.
• To examine the impacts of soil erosion on water provisioning.
• To identify the preeminent soil conservation practices.

Conceptual framework
The framework provides a comprehensive approach to understanding how soil erosion negatively influences ecosystem provisioning services to make people survive over time.It emphasizes the understanding of the context within which people live, the availabilities of the ecosystem provisioning services (food and water) for them, the techniques they use for conserving soil, minimizing the impacts based on the livelihood strategies they follow in the face of existing policies and institutions, and the livelihood outcomes they intend to achieve.
As we have seen in the Figure 1 presence, soil erosion determines the production, productivity, and utilization; which affect positively or negatively the availability, access, and utilization part of food and water from ecosystem provisioning service and again the provisioning services is affected by soil erosion.

Location
The study would be conducted at Odo Shakiso District, which is found in the Guji Zone Oromia Region of Ethiopia.Odo-Shakiso district is situated at a distance of 490 km southeast from Finfinne and 139 km from the zone capital town, Negele.The district is classified into 20 peasant associations.Odo Shakiso District is bordered in the south by the Dawa River which separates it from Arero, on the west by Bule Hora District, on the northeast by Uraga, Wadara, and Adola, on the north by Bore, on the east by Liben.The total area of the district is 133,677 ha or 1336.770km 2 .As Figure 2, astronomically the district is located between 5°2'29"-5°58'24" northing latitudes and 38° 35'0"-39°13'38" easting longitudes.

Climate and socio-economic activities
The 2015 national census reported a total population for this district of 206,372, of whom 107,224 were men and 99, 148 women; 33643 or 16.3% of its population were urban dwellers at the time.With an estimated area of 4,144.53square kilometers, Oda Shakiso has an estimated population density of 32.2 people per square kilometer (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia CSA, 2015).
The district is characterized by three agro-climatic zones, namely Dega (20%), Weina Dega (65), and Kola (15) which start in early November up to December, late June up to reaches beginning of November, and March up to May respectively.The mean annual rainfall is about 900 mm and the annual temperature of the district is 22.5°C.Most of the earth surface of the district has an undulating land surface with an elevation ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 meters.The major soils of the district are chromic euphoric and calcic combisal with high spatial coverage of 70%.Camisole is found mostly on slopes.Therefore, it has little agricultural potential other mostly developed on gentle slopes, Very good base saturation and fertility are the major importance for agricultural production.The remaining portion 30% mostly covered by orthic acrisols, this soil is fertile and the relative humidity is also quite suitable for the farm.The farmers of this district produce both in the autumn and spring seasons.They produce cereals such as teff, wheat, barley, and maize, pulses such as haricot bean, and others such as fruits and vegetables.Overall, wheat, maize, and teff are the major crops cultivated by the farmers in this study area.They also engaged in the production of coffee as means of livelihood.

Food and Water Provisioning Services Agriculture, local food, garden
Fresh Water Access and Supply Slope type, fertile soil, availability of land, vegetation cover, plot size, and plot use

Source. Constructed by researchers (2020).
The economic activities of Odo Shakiso District are traditional farming and gold mining.Two of the major mines of Ethiopia are located in Odo Shakiso; the Lega Denbi gold mining and the Kenticha tantalum mines, both areas near Shakiso.Gold has also been extracted by placer mining from Awata River, which flows between Shakiso and Megabo.From agricultural activities, livestock production is one of the economic activities in Odo Shakiso district (OSWARDO Odo Shakiso District Agricultural and Rural Development office, 2019).
The demand for a large area of land cultivation and grazing with population increase, wood consumption for fuel and construction also increased.These conditions resulted in a considerable amount of deforestation or vegetation removal in the area.Domestic animals had also contributed much to the removal of natural vegetation from the area.Formerly, dense vegetation had been removed leaving some big trees which are scattered in the same place in the study area (OSWARDO Odo Shakiso District Agricultural and Rural Development office, 2019).

Methods
In this study, the researchers employed Sequential Explanatory Design.Moreover, According to Creswell (2003), this design "is characterized by an initial phase of quantitative data collection and analysis, followed by a phase of qualitative data collection and analysis.The purpose of this strategy was to use qualitative results to assist in explaining and interpreting the findings of a primarily quantitative study.

Sampling techniques and sample size determining
To achieve the objectives of the study, both probability and non-probability sampling techniques would be employed.Guji Zone, Odo Shakiso District, the Lega Denbi, and Kenticha Kebele would be selected purposively due to the liking of the various Ecosystem Provisioning Service which is affected by soil erosion commences by mining.The sampling frame would be the total list of households within the selected study areas.Using Yamane (1967) formula we would employ to select 309 sample respondents from the total of 1362 sample population (512 households from Kenticha Kebele and 850 households from Lega Denbi) found in the sample kebeles.
Where n= sample size e = level of precision N = total population The confidence level is 95% Level of precision which is 5% The proportional sample would be used to get a proportional number of households from Kenticha and Lega Denbi Kebele by using the following formula: Where: ni is the sample for each kebeles; Ni is the total number in each kebeles; n is the total sample size and N is the total population.Accordingly, the Table 1 depicts the number of sample sizes selected from their respective sampled areas.

Data sources, types and data collection methods
Both primary and secondary data would be employed.For primary data, the researchers would be used a household survey, questioner, interview, and FGD.Secondary data include published and unpublished, public documents, and other types of information from the internet.
The primary data would be gathered through Questionnaires, Field Observation, Focus Group discussion, and Key informant interview to investigate the causes of soil erosion, their consequences on ecosystem provisioning service, and their conserving practices in the study areas.

Method of data analysis
Both descriptive and inferential statistics methods would be used to analyze the data about the objectives of the study.Descriptive statistics will be performed for continuous variables while inferential would be also performed for categorical variables.T-tests would be used to test the significance of the different categories between variables.Binary Logistic Regression would be used to analyze the relationships and effects among variables.On the other hand, the data obtained from the document analysis, an interview would be analyzed qualitatively.The qualitative analysis would be done as follows.First, organizing and noting down the different categories would be made to assess what types of themes may come through the instruments to collect data concerning the research questions.Then, transcribed and coded the data to make the analysis easy.Also, the result would be triangulated with the quantitative findings.The researchers would be uses the computer software of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25.0) for analysis.

Ecosystem provisioning services of study areas
Based on the responses of respondents and key informants, the identified ecosystem provisioning services are grouped into food and fresh water.The services from farmland and homestead landscapes are derived from the land-use changes by human interference and the major land use and cover at the study area is categorized as, Forest/Croplands, Deciduous shrub-land with the sparse tree, Deciduous woodland, Montane evergreen forest, Closed grassland, Open grassland with sparse shrubs, and Croplands and freshwater.Because of mine management has placed tailings ponds so that a freshwater stream used by the community for water flows directly through them, thus contaminating that water source.A well-regulated mine would have kept the stream separate, preserving it as a source of clean water for the community of Odo Shakiso.
The major soils of the district are chromic euphoric and calcic combis al with high spatial coverage of 70%.Camisole is found mostly on slopes.Therefore, it has little agricultural potential other mostly developed on gentle slopes, very good base saturation and fertility are the major importance for agricultural production.The remaining portion 30% mostly covered by orthic acrisols, this soil is fertile and the relative humidity is also quite suitable for the farm.The farmers of this district produce both in the autumn and spring seasons.They produce cereals such as teff, wheat, barley, and maize, pulses such as haricot bean, and others such as fruits and vegetables.Overall, wheat, maize, and teff are the major crops cultivated by the farmers in this study area.They also engaged in the production of coffee as means of livelihood.

Food
3.1.1.1.crop production.Based on the results obtained from the household respondents and Figure 3, the following major food crops were identified.Ninety (18.4%) of the households responded produce in the study area were teff, wheat 67 (16.6), chickpea 55 (15.1%), lentil 29 (10.9%),Faba bean 20 (9.0%), Maize 12 (7.9%),Barley 11 (6.9%), rough pea 10 (5.9%), Field pea 8 (5.1%), and Haricot bean 7 (4.2%)respectively.Therefore, the leading food crops produced in the area are Teff, Wheat, and Chickpea.Teff and wheat production dominates the agricultural production system in the Odo Shakiso district.The production of these major cereal crops in the district requires extensive tillage and fine seedbeds.Tillage operations also make the soil vulnerable to erosion during the summer season.Particularly, extensive tillage operations for teff along slopes can cause enhanced severe soil erosion.

coffee production.
Coffees from this area have strong berry aromatics with orange acidity and caramel/coffee sweetness.It's one of the regions of Ethiopia's largest specialty coffee-growing producers.The farm areas lie between 1,850 and 1300 meters above sea level.The landscape is characterized by sharp and rugged hills, ridges, plateaus, valleys, and flats, creating a stunningly dramatic setting for coffee production.Here, the forest is rich with a wide variety of trees.The regions' volcanic soil bursts with nutrients, creating a deep red and brown top layer of soil.Shakiso's high altitude and dry weather allow for cherries to develop very slowly.At the elevations, the coffee beans can be qualified as ''Strictly High Grown'' (SHG).Here, the Ethiopian coffees grow more slowly and therefore have more time to absorb nutrients and develop more robust flavors based on the local climate and soil conditions.These natural settings have preserved an agroforestry system for the production of coffee alongside those of honey and wood.

honey from beehive keeping.
The local population has a long tradition of keeping beehives in forest areas.The twigs and branches of the dominant woodland trees are used to support the traditional beehives.Because of the decrease in woodland, beekeeping activities are few.Of the total surveyed sample households, 7% keep beehives in the woodland.In addition, the sample household survey showed that 8% and 12% of households from forest keep beehives on trees of acacia woodland, respectively.
3.1.1.4.fish.A fishery production system assessment was done by an interview with fishermen at Shakiso town (Odo Shakiso district) for Awata River.Four of each fisherman was interviewed.The age of fishermen ranges from 15 to 36.All the fishermen were male.Most of the fishermen (87.5%) were single indicating that the fishermen were the local jobless youngsters.

Fresh water
Water is life for the people and a very important resource in their lives particularly in their occupation as farmers.Water bodies in the community serve as a source of drinking water for 0 10 20 source: field survey, 2020.

Types of Crops Produced in the Study Area
the people as well as for irrigating their crops and farms, especially in the dry seasons.It is also used for a wide range of family and household chores and constitutes an important component in the daily activities of the people.The area is blessed with major water bodies such as Dawa, Awata, Mormora, and other seasonal rivers which are used by the people for various purposes.
The researchers administered questionnaires on whether the onset of mining in that particular area affected the environment including water bodies.
According to Figure 4, households of Odo Shakiso district use multiple water resources from the natural resources, piped water services, coupon water services, and from others ranked according to the responses from the respondent that they were used as the source for different consumption respectively.They are using all water resources depending on the distance and presence of alternatives.The use of water resources by households from inside/outside kebeles is dependent on their location for accessibility.
As it was indicated in Table 2, the strongest causes of soil erosion in the survey area are the heavy rainfall of the summer season, the continuous cultivation or tillage practices of the land without fallowing, the open grazing of the livestock population on the small plots of land, cultivation of the steep slope which did not as per of the recommendation of agricultural exports, and the deforestation actions in the study area.Even though their degree of effects is not the same, the contribution of the other causes of soil erosion could not be undermined.
In the same way, the key interview respondents, DAs working in the sites, and the focus group discussion held were provided additional information that indicated the possible major causes of soil erosion in the survey area were heavy rainfall of the summer season, over-cultivation, overgrazing, cultivation of the steep slopes, and deforestation.So, the information gathered from the interview respondents, DAs, and FGD realized the survey result.

Impacts of soil erosion on food provisioning services
Even though, the high crop diversification and potential of the Odo Shakiso District, we observed that there was a soil erosion problem that shows signs of the rill, inter-rill, and gully erosion, which might affect agricultural activities specifically the productivity of agriculture.Based on the analysis 83.6% of respondent perceived that soil erosion reduces the productivity of land while 16.4% of the respondent perceives soil loss reduce soil fertility and leads to reduce yield.This indicated that the effect of soil loss on crop yield has significant impacts.Abay Ayalew (2011) and Gessesse et al. (2014) reported that conserving degraded natural resources means conserving the soil and can improve agricultural ecosystem services.Besides with other ecosystem services because the ecosystem services are inseparable when improving production by maintaining an agricultural ecosystem it can be improve supporting, provisioning, and regulating services.In addition to this regarding the effect of soil erosion on productivity, implementing of soil and water conservation measures in the degraded highlands and stabilizing with multipurpose plant species reduce soil loss rate and improve productivity, and maintain soil fertility besides, it increases crops yields as reported by Abay Ayalew (2011).
Based on Figure 5, majority of the respondents (79%) indicated that their land is irreversibly degraded and destroyed by soil erosion.As a result, the productivity of their land has substantially decreased.The rest of the respondents (21%) however, noted that only a small portion of the land has been excavated so far for soil erosion because of mining and as a result did not witness how their land is seriously affected or destroyed.As a result, they came to say there has not been much change.The researchers related the response with the result of focused group discussion and interviews conducted with the Odo Shakiso District Administration.The responses given by the majority of members of the focused group discussion and the District Administration office agree with the idea that the soil erosion by gold mining activity was true and obvious.The decreasing trend of production clearly shows that the  by-product of the mining company has a significant impact and it has brought about an unstable livelihood situation in the area.

The impacts of soil erosion on water provisioning services
In the study area the major source of water for human consumption was Dawa, Awata, Mormora, and other seasonal rivers which are used by the people for various purposes and as the information obtained from face to face-interview, previously more than three streams were available for 6 years ago but now they became dry, this is as a result of land degradation as information is obtained from group discussion.The existing two small rivers are not too much for using irrigation purposes even; Medium River gets dry during the winter season so females are forced to watch water far away from their settlement.The other problem in the rainy season was sediment problem in streams that they get drinking water for their household.As information obtained from focus group discussion seven years ago water availability for the animal was not a problem in the study area.According to the data, the majority of focus group participants and key informants say they obtain their water from seasonal rivers such as Dawa, Awata, and Mormora for animal use, while just a handful of respondents say they obtain their water from hand wells and streams for domestic use.The availability of water at any time or place, in terms of both its quantity and quality, is also a service provided by ecosystems, and it is important to agriculture and human health (Gessesse et al., 2014;Pimentel & Burgess, 2006).Based on the above information and Figure 6, the effects of soil erosion on water quality at Odo shakiso district was explained by the respondents were that 150 respondents reply highly affected, 130 medium and 29 low respectively.

Determinant factors of soil erosion on the provisioning services at the study area
Even though the high crop diversification and potential of the study area, we observed that there was a soil erosion problem that shows signs of the rill, inter-rill, and gully erosion, which might affect agricultural activities in the study area.Based on the analysis 75% of respondent perceived that soil erosion reduces the productivity of land, affects the food sources and quality of water services while 25% of the respondent perceives soil loss reduce soil fertility and leads to reduce yield and highly affect the provisioning of food and water at Odo Shakiso district.This indicated that the effect of soil erosion on the provisioning of food and water has significant impacts.Abay Ayalew (2011) reported that conserving degraded natural resources means conserving the soil and can improve agricultural ecosystem services.Besides with other ecosystem services because the ecosystem services are inseparable when improving production by maintaining an agricultural ecosystem it can be improve supporting, provisioning, and regulating services.In addition to this regarding the effect of soil erosion on productivity, implementing of soil and water conservation measures in the degraded highlands and stabilizing with multipurpose plant species reduce soil loss rate and improve productivity, and maintain soil fertility besides, it increases crops yields as reported by Abay Ayalew (2011).As shown in Table 3, the soil erosion has high significant impacts on productivity, food status of the family, water access, having a large number of families, mining, and mining effects on water quality at study area respectively (p < 0.01) and have a significant effect on soil conserving techniques (p < 0.05) though it has a significant effect on erosion regulation and natural hazard regulation, respectively (p > 0.05) rather it accelerates the problem.

Techniques of soil conservation practices at study area
Concerning observable features of soil erosion rills, gullies, formation of dry channels, and formation of bad (barren) lands are the main features that indicate the severity of soil erosion.The rills have shallow channels compared to gullies which have deep and wide channels.The existence of these visible erosion features realizes the severity of soil erosion in the study area.During his frequent field observation, the researcher observed many gully formations in the farmlands and different areas which are mainly created by running water in the form of floods during the rainy season.
According to Figure 7 and responses of the respondents, the soil conservation practices include such as hillside terracing, waterways, check dams, and tree planting.Different conservation structures were constructed by farmers under the guidance of District development agents and agricultural experts to mitigate the severity of soil erosion.Especially, the construction of hillside terracing became a common phenomenon in the study area.Terracing is considered a response to soil conservation practices.Other than terracing, there are also observable soil and water conservation structures like soil bunds, and young tree plants in the survey area.

Uses of manure
The application of manure was used on more plots than any other conservation practice, 98 of the total (Figure 7).Farmers applied manure near the homestead, rather than to land at a distance.Based on focus group discussions with key informants, farmers have increased the amount of manure applied because of the high price of inorganic fertilizers (such as DAP and UREA) which the farmers cannot afford.

Crop production
Based on Figure 7 the use of crop rotation (63) is another widespread phenomenon in the area where maize, groundnut, and sorghum are grown rotationally.Crop rotation is used by the farmers important for different reasons including soil fertility, thereby improving crop yield.The farmers of the area know that as of the scientific method improved soil fertility can be achieved by alternating high residue-producing crops with the growing low residue-producing crops.

Plant cover
According to the result of Figure 7, Trees and other non-crop plants are planted on 83 of the surveyed plots sometimes together with other conservation practices.During the transect walks, trees and other plants such as sisal were observed to be planted along the contour to reduce runoff and conserve the soil and water around the root of the plants (Figure 7).In general, these plants are drought-tolerant, not edible, and therefore not destroyed by animals in the area.Another advantage is that farmers use these to mark the border between adjacent fields.

Fallowing
Based on the results of Figure 7 and the field observation of the investigator following is not a common practice of soil conservation measures in the study area (35 out of 309).Its practice is limited because of the shortage of available cultivable lands.Mainly, the limited fallowing is associated with the population growth in the survey area.

Conclusions
This study displays that soil erosion has significant impacts on ecosystem provisioning services of freshwater access, food and have significant impacts on total plot size cultivated, and crop production while, it has no significant effect on total fertility of plot (p > 0.05), rather it aggravates the problem of these ecosystem services.Based on this result the soil erosion impacts minimize the productivity of the agriculture that needs the governments or nongovernmental stakeholders should plan for maximizing soil management by improving mechanisms of soil erosion minimization which have a negative effect on vegetation degradation by scouring plant roots and have a negative influence on land cover condition finally erosion problem results in a poor land cover situation of the ecosystem services.The ways of improving vegetation coverage and protecting the existing natural forest and plantation forest will improve the ecosystem services of natural flood and erosion problems through improving infiltration rate and reducing its potential of eroding soil which directly affects the provisioning services like food and water.

Recommendations
Based on the results of this study, efforts of all Ecosystem conservation and agricultural development actors are needed to understand the main causes of soil erosion and to reverse the erosion processes in the study area.
• To minimize the impacts of soil erosion in the steep slope areas, integrated soil conservation practices like agroforestry practices and perennial multipurpose plants are required in the survey area.
• To minimize a common considerate effect of soil erosion on ecosystem services and these linked interactions is essential to making a sound.
• To maintain the ecosystem services as it's our results could help to intervene the policy of sustainable land management and soil conserving decisions to mounting future human socioeconomic and environmental quality.
• The income generated by the mining site should be used to improve the livelihood of the local community and to improve the capability of mining impacts on the livelihoods of the society.
• Strengthen the mining administration through training, financial support, and technical support to enable better monitoring of resource use and quality contributing to improved decision-making concerning the management of the mining site.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Conceptual framework for soil erosion impacts on ecosystem provision services.Source: develop by researchers.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Map of the study area.

Figure
Figure 3.The food crops Produced in the area (in ranking order) .

Figure
Figure 5. Effects of soil erosion on agricultural productivity.Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effects of soil erosion on water quality.Source: Field Survey, 2020.

Table 3 . Significance determinant factors of soil erosion on the provisioning services Coefficients a,b
b. Selecting only cases for which Effects of soil erosion on food and water = productivity is decreased.