Ecological lexicon of East Java community: An ecolinguistic study

Abstract This research aims to examine the ecological lexicon of the East Java community through a linguistic ecological approach. The focus of this study is to understand the vocabulary and ecological concepts used by the people of East Java in describing wildlife and their natural environment. The research is conducted by identifying and analyzing vocabulary related to flora and fauna, as well as ecological concepts present in the language and culture of East Java. Research methods used include field surveys, interviews, language data collection, and participatory observations. Data is collected through direct interactions with the people of East Java, including farmers, local residents, and community figures who possess knowledge and experience in interacting with wildlife and the natural environment. Data analysis is carried out using a linguistic ecological approach, which involves mapping ecological vocabulary, identifying distinct ecological concepts, and tracing the relationship between ecological vocabulary and local culture. The results of the research indicate that the people of East Java have a rich and unique vocabulary related to wildlife and their natural environment. This vocabulary reflects the diversity of wildlife in the region, as well as the close relationship between the community and the natural environment. Ecological concepts, such as local wisdom in natural resource management, protection of specific wildlife, and understanding the interconnectedness between humans and nature, are also found in the ecological lexicon of the East Java community. These findings have important implications for language and cultural development, as well as environmental conservation in East Java. Preserving local vocabulary can maintain the cultural richness and identity of the East Java community, while the use of ecological lexicon in education and environmental awareness can enhance the understanding and participation of the community in wildlife and habitat conservation. The findings of this research can also serve as a basis for developing more relevant conservation policies based on the understanding of the local community.


Introduction
Environmental sustainability is one of the crucial aspects in human life, influencing human wellbeing and survival (Zhou, 2021).As a part of the environment, communities also play a significant role in maintaining ecosystem balance and environmental sustainability (Pratiwi et al., 2022).An essential aspect in this regard is the ecological lexicon used by the community.The ecological lexicon comprises vocabulary and concepts related to the environment and sustainability (Stibbe, 2012).Proper and consistent use of the ecological lexicon can help communities understand and preserve environmental sustainability.However, the changing times and globalization bring shifts in the lifestyle of communities and influence from external languages and cultures (Owen, 2004;Swarniti & Yuniari, 2019).This can impact the shift in the ecological lexicon used by the community (Krissandi, 2023).
In East Java, there is cultural diversity and varying geographical conditions that can influence the ecological lexicon used by the communities in the region (Suktiningsih, 2017).Therefore, research on the ecological lexicon of the East Java community in ecolinguistic studies needs to be conducted to understand the changes that occur and the factors that influence the formation of this ecological lexicon.This study aims to understand the ecological lexicon used by the communities in East Java in ecolinguistic research.As a result, the findings of this research can contribute to the development of language, culture, and environmental conservation in East Java.The ecological lexicon encompasses vocabulary and concepts related to the environment and sustainability, which are essential in maintaining ecosystem balance (Isti'anah, 2020).Additionally, the ecological lexicon also reflects the community's cultural understanding and values towards the environment (Yuniawan, 2017).However, the changing times and globalization bring shifts in the lifestyle of communities and influence from external languages and cultures (Nurhakiki, 2021).This can impact the shift in the ecological lexicon used by the communities in East Java (Santoso, 2018).Hence, research on the ecological lexicon of the East Java community in ecolinguistic studies is necessary to understand the changes that occur and the factors influencing the formation of this ecological lexicon (LeVasseur, 2015).Consequently, the findings of this research can contribute to the development of language, culture, and environmental conservation in East Java.
The environment is crucial for the sustainability of human life and other creatures on Earth (Renjaan, 2014).The deteriorating environmental conditions caused by human activities that are not environmentally friendly have led many parties to become concerned and make various efforts to preserve environmental sustainability (Maffi, 2014;Swarniti & Yuniari, 2019).One of these efforts involves paying attention to the use of language and ecological lexicon when communicating about the environment (Ndruru, 2020); (Fauzy, A., & Asy'ari, 2020) East Java is a region with cultural diversity and varying geographical conditions, which can influence the ecological lexicon used by the communities in the area (Jatim, P. 2020).Previous research has shown differences in the ecological lexicon among communities in various regions (Ndruru, 2020;Norvia, 2021;Pratiwi et al., 2022).
Therefore, further research is needed to investigate the ecological lexicon of the communities in East Java through an ecolinguistic study.Based on the aforementioned background, the research questions to be addressed in this study are: a) What ecological vocabulary and concepts are used by the communities in East Java?b) How does the ecological vocabulary and concepts of the communities in East Java differ from those of other regions?and c) What are the factors that influence the formation of the ecological lexicon of the communities in East Java?

Method
The method in this study uses qualitative methods with descriptive analytical approach.This research approach is employed because the researcher aims to provide a comprehensive and accurate overview of how the East Java community uses language in interaction with the natural environment.As stated by (Miles et al., 2013) that descriptive analytical research is a method employed to meticulously comprehend and portray occurrences or subjects of study.In this study, the emphasis lies on the vocabulary employed by the communities in East Java, specifically the language related to the natural environment and ecological elements utilized by the local residents of East Java.The data sources used in this research include the community of East Java, the surrounding natural environment, and written sources related to the ecological lexicon of the East Java community.The data collection methods employed in this research include interviews, observations, and document studies (Sudaryanto, 1992).

Data collection techniques
(a) Interviews: The researcher conducts interviews with key informants consisting of individuals from the East Java community who have knowledge and experience related to the natural environment (Bungin, 2017).The interviews are conducted using a pre-prepared structured interview guide.The aim of the interviews is to obtain information about the ecological lexicon of the East Java community and the cultural values related to the natural environment.
(b) Observations: The researcher conducts direct observations of the surrounding environment and the use of words related to the environment by the local community (Iye.et.al. 2023).
Observations are done by visiting several places in East Java that are closely connected to the natural environment and noting the words used by the local community to describe the natural environment.
(c) Document Study (Sugiyono, 2011a): The researcher utilizes written sources such as books, articles, and other documents related to the ecological lexicon of the East Java community, local culture, and environmental wisdom.Document analysis is conducted to enrich the data and provide different perspectives in data collection.
The data obtained from the above data collection techniques are then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques to identify ecological concepts contained within the vocabulary (Mahsun, 2005).

Data analysis
The data analysis techniques used in this research are as follows: (a) Semantic Analysis: This technique is used to identify ecological concepts contained within the collected lexicon.The lexicon data collected from various sources are organized and categorized based on the ecological concepts they contain (Sugiyono, 2011b).In semantic analysis, the researcher analyzes the meanings of words in an ecological context to discover patterns and connections among the ecological concepts present in them.
(b) Qualitative Analysis: This technique is used to interpret and understand the qualitative data collected.The data generated from interviews, observations, and document studies are analyzed in-depth to identify cultural values, local wisdom, and patterns of behavior related to the natural environment.The lexicon data was subsequently analyzed using statistical calculations to determine the quantity of words associated with particular ecological concepts (Creswell, 2016).Employing statistical approaches aims to explore the data's distribution and proportions, facilitating a thorough and comprehensive comprehension of the ecological concepts encompassed in the lexicon (Miles & Huberman, 2009).
In all the data analysis techniques used, the researcher employs an ecolinguistic approach to understand the ecological lexicon of the East Java community and its relationship with the natural environment.

Research location
The research locations for the study on the ecological lexicon of the East Java community was conducted in five regions in East Java.Some of these locations are: (a) Surabaya: As the capital of East Java, Surabaya serves as the center for economic, social, and cultural activities.Research is conducted in Surabaya to explore the ecological lexicon used by urban communities.(b) Malang: Malang is situated in the southern part of East Java and surrounded by mountains.Research in Malang provide insights into the ecological lexicon related to mountainous environments and natural resources in the area.(c) Banyuwangi: Located on the eastern tip of Java Island, Banyuwangi boasts natural riches, including forests, beaches, and mountains.Research in Banyuwangi involve local communities with specialized knowledge of the ecological lexicon related to the natural environment in the region.(d) Bondowoso: The Bondowoso region is renowned for its natural beauty, including the Meru Betiri National Park, which serves as a habitat for various wild species.Research in Bondowoso focus on the ecological lexicon related to wildlife conservation and habitat protection in the area.(e) Probolinggo: Probolinggo is located on the northern coast of East Java and possesses natural wealth, including mangrove forests, beaches, and conservation areas.Research in Probolinggo explore the ecological lexicon related to coastal ecosystems and conservation efforts in the region.The selection of these five research locations is based on accessibility, relevance to the research objectives, and approval from relevant parties, such as communities or institutions involved in ecological studies and environmental conservation in East Java.

Results and discussion results
The research findings indicate that the vocabulary used by the people of East Java maintains strong ties to regional customs and traditions.The lexicon embodies cultural philosophy and the revered principles cherished by the Javanese populace.For example, in the vocabulary compilation within traditional villages, the architectural components of houses in these communities illustrate Picture 1.
Source: East Java Provincial government.
a cultural philosophy intricately connected to the esteemed ideals of unity and peaceful coexistence with others.This is similarly reflected in the lexicon entries for the principle of "gotong royong," depicting the social structure and communal dynamics in East Java.inhabitants, not only depicts the physical characteristics of villages in the East Java region but also communicates profound philosophical ideals of solidarity and accord with the environment.For instance, the term "pendopo" transcends its description of the external architecture of the house, embodying the atmosphere and tradition of communal unity and openness within the community.Each individual is seen as an essential part, fostering respect and tolerance as the fundamental values of Javanese society for communal coexistence and social interactions.Similarly, the term "sasana" portrays the unity and connection with nature, exemplified through ceremonies and prayers held by the community in specific houses or revered structures.This vocabulary reflects the values and principles of mutual cooperation applied in the life of East Java society.The principle of mutual cooperation is an integral part of the culture and social life in East Java, where people work together and help each other to achieve common goals and strengthen social bonds within the community.Based on these findings, it can be observed that rural communities in East Java highly uphold the values of togetherness and mutual assistance within their social system while still adhering to customs and the noble cultural values of their ancestors.The usage of the meanings of vocabulary and word concepts is reflected physically in the form of the buildings in traditional villages and also in their communal behaviors in their daily lives.
Furthermore, the vocabulary findings concerning the sustenance and economic practices of East Java's communities, exemplified through terms such as "lumbung pangan" (food barn), irrigation systems, organic farming, and traditional medicine, collectively underscore a strong affinity with nature and cultural heritage.The dependence of East Java's inhabitants on agriculture is apparent in the vocabulary list referencing "lumbung pangan" and irrigation systems, not only explicitly signifying the region's staple foods but also implicitly reflecting the tradition of cultivating and processing agricultural yields in harmony with the environment.Consequently, the use of materials and tools conflicting with nature is discouraged, as they could compromise the well-being of humans and the broader universe.
The vocabulary list reflects the staple food sources of the East Java community, mainly derived from grains and tubers such as rice, corn, and cassava.Thus, rice fields and agricultural land play a crucial role in the economic resilience of the people of East Java.Livestock and fisheries, furthermore, hold significant importance, particularly in coastal and urban areas, providing various sources of protein such as meat, poultry, and fish.The use of the term "lumbung pangan" (food barn) also implies the vital position of East Java in food security and economic resources, given the prevalence of agricultural and plantation land in the region.Therefore, safeguarding food security and agricultural sustainability remains of utmost importance.Ongoing efforts to maintain soil fertility, implement sustainable farming practices, and adopt innovations and technology are continuously being pursued to ensure a sufficient and high-quality food supply for the people of East Java and Indonesia as a whole.However, this process must still prioritize environmental balance, leading to the increasing popularity of organic practices to reduce the use of harmful chemicals for the sake of health and the environment.Additionally, the irrigation system is also essential in ensuring water supply for agriculture, thus emerging as a frequently used term by the East Java community.These vocabularies reflect the common terms used in the irrigation system in East Java.An efficient and effective irrigation system is crucial in supporting agriculture and agricultural sustainability in the region.The people of East Java have a good understanding of the importance of water management in agriculture (Prasetijo, 2012).The concept of the irrigation system involves the construction of water channels that regulate the flow of water to rice fields and gardens, ensuring an adequate water supply for crops.Certain vocabulary also indicates the presence of values of togetherness and reverence for nature.For example, the term "subak," which signifies the allocation of water flow from mountain crevices fairly, enabling an equitable distribution of water among farmers.This system necessitates cooperation and coordination among farmers to efficiently manage water usage while simultaneously ensuring that the springs remain clean and the natural environment remains intact.
The processing of agricultural produce in the land of Java also must prioritize harmony with nature, hence materials and tools that disrupt the natural balance are generally avoided.Given that human welfare depends not just on sustenance and farming but also on health, medicinal items are prepared with natural components as extensively as feasible.
According to this table, it is apparent that the term "organic" is commonly employed, suggesting that agricultural practices in East Java are primarily conducted manually, utilizing tools and substances that do not cause harm to the natural environment.The concept of organic farming encompasses agricultural practices that avoid the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers (Dennysal & Muljaningsih, 2015).People in East Java often have knowledge and experience in environmentally friendly organic farming, including the use of manure as fertilizer and natural pest control.Through organic farming practices, people in East Java prioritize environmental sustainability and human health.Organic farming helps reduce the risk of environmental pollution and improves the quality of agricultural products.Additionally, organic farming also provides social and economic benefits, such as increasing the added value of organic products and promoting environmental conservation to consumers.This natural processing also applies to the production of medicines derived from herbal ingredients.This vocabulary reflects the terms related to the utilization of traditional medicinal plants in East Java.The utilization of traditional medicinal plants is an integral part of the cultural heritage and traditional healthcare practices in East Java, which remains relevant in efforts to maintain the health and traditional treatment of the local community.The use of this vocabulary not only signifies the knowledge of healing and traditional medicine that has been passed down through generations but also serves as a means to preserve the diversity of medicinal plants and the wealth of Indonesian spices.
East Java boasts plentiful natural forests that house diverse plant and animal species.In addition to herbal plants and spices, these forests foster a variety of ancient and native plants exclusive to the region.A multitude of wildlife also finds its habitat in these forests.Therefore, the forest-related terminology encompasses not only the diverse array of plants and animals but also incorporates customs and traditional regulations that seek to conserve the forests and safeguard the rich variety of flora and fauna dwelling within them.
The vocabulary list above is closely connected to the customs, traditions, and customary laws, including terms such as pawongan, warisan leluhur, rimba adat, temu adat, lembaga adat, pemangku adat, larangan adat, and pemetaan adat.The frequent use of this vocabulary stems from the Javanese perspective that forests represent not only a physical area or ecosystem but also embody the identity and spiritual significance of the local indigenous communities.Consequently, there exist specific prohibitions and regulations that must be followed to ensure a harmonious coexistence between humans and the natural world.
Conservation of animals and wildlife in customary forests also holds significant value in the life of Javanese society.Therefore, vocabularies related to wildlife conservation can also be found within the forest ecosystem and wildlife in East Java.
The vocabulary that emerges in the East Java ecosystem, whether related to traditional villages, the social situation of the community, the economic system, or natural forests, is closely linked to ecology and the environment (Risman Iye et al., 2023).This connection exists not only in the balance of life with nature but also extends to cultural values that underpin life in the form of respect and appreciation for fellow humans, other living beings, the universe, and the divine creator or God.Therefore, the use of this vocabulary is not merely a string of words but carries a profound meaning associated with the noble cultural values of the nation.

The differences in ecological vocabulary and concepts between the people of East Java and those in other regions
The differences in ecological vocabulary and concepts between the people of East Java and other regions are influenced by several factors, including geography, culture, and local environmental conditions.

Geographical elements
The geographical conditions of East Java, including the position of the landscape, climate, and natural resources, have a significant influence on the use of language in the context of ecolinguistics.Firstly, the distinctive landscape of East Java, encompassing mountains, lowlands, and coastal areas, provides a foundation for specific language terminology that describes the vocabulary of these three regions.Therefore, words related to agricultural produce and marine products often dominate the conversations of the people of East Java.Secondly, the climate of East Java, including the rainy and dry seasons, affects the language used to describe natural phenomena such as weather, agriculture, or the environmental conditions during different seasons.This can be reflected in terms or phrases that refer to specific weather patterns or different planting seasons.This also influences the flora and fauna of East Java, leading to a diverse vocabulary of herbal plants, wildlife, and organic agricultural processes.Lastly, the region's abundant natural resources, including biodiversity and agricultural potential, influence the vocabulary used in an ecological context.For example, the existence of certain plants, animals, or specific natural phenomena unique to the region can be reflected in unique words or specific terms used by the local community to describe their surroundings.Thus, these geographical factors collectively shape the diversity of language and vocabulary used in the context of ecolinguistics in East Java, reflecting the complex relationship between the physical environment and the language used by the local community.

Culture and traditions
Local culture and traditions in East Java have a significant influence on the vocabulary related to ecolinguistics.At the linguistic level, these local cultures and traditions can reflect the community's perspective on nature and environmental sustainability.For instance, local wisdom applied in the sustainable use of natural resources can be reflected in vocabulary that describes concepts such as ecological balance, nature conservation, or natural resource management.Additionally, cultural values emphasizing the balance between humans and nature can be reflected in vocabulary that demonstrates the harmony and interconnectedness between human life and the natural environment.Terms depicting the symbiotic relationship between humans, flora, fauna, and the local ecosystem can be found in the vocabulary used by the local community.Traditions emphasizing the protection of specific flora and fauna, or expressions showing respect for certain natural elements, are reflected in the everyday language of the people of East Java.Thus, local culture and traditions in East Java actively influence the vocabulary related to ecolinguistics, creating a range of expressions and terms that reflect the community's appreciation for nature, biodiversity, and ecological balance in daily life.
The diversity of ecosystems in East Java, ranging from fertile mountains to expansive coastal areas, creates a wealth of vocabulary used to describe the distinctive flora, fauna, and natural phenomena of each ecosystem.For instance, specific terms are used to describe endemic plants or rare animals that inhabit the local environment, such as Javan banteng, Javan rhinoceros, and other endemic birds.Furthermore, the specific environmental challenges faced by East Java, such as soil erosion, droughts, or floods, can generate the need for vocabulary that refers to specific practices or strategies developed by the local community to address these environmental changes.This can be reflected in the use of words indicating efforts related to adaptation, mitigation, or conservation within the context of these environments.Overall, the local environmental conditions in East Java directly influence its language vocabulary, creating unique terminology and specific terms that reflect the relationship between the community and the specific natural environment of the region.

The factors influencing the formation of the ecological lexicon in east Java's society
The formation of the ecological lexicon in East Java is influenced by several factors, including geographical factors, culture, direct experience with the natural environment, and human interactions with wildlife.Here are some factors that influence the formation of the ecological lexicon in East Java: (1) Natural Environment: East Java has diverse natural environments, including tropical forests, mountains, rivers, and coastlines.The characteristics of these environments influence human interactions with wildlife and local flora, thereby affecting the formation of the ecological lexicon.For example, if the people of East Java live in areas close to rainforests, they may have specific vocabulary to describe the wildlife species and plants that inhabit those regions.
(2) Culture and traditions: The local culture and traditions of the East Java community also play a significant role in shaping the ecological lexicon.Cultural values embraced by the community, such as local wisdom in sustainable utilization of natural resources or traditions of protecting specific wildlife, may be reflected in the vocabulary used to describe ecological aspects.
(3) Direct experiences: The community's direct experiences with the natural environment and wildlife also play a crucial role in shaping the ecological lexicon.The people of East Java living in rural areas or close to forests may have more frequent interactions with wildlife, such as observing them around settlements or engaging in agricultural activities that involve interactions with wildlife.Such direct experiences can enrich their knowledge and vocabulary related to ecology.
(4) Environmental changes: Environmental changes can influence the formation of the ecological lexicon.If the natural environment undergoes significant changes due to climate change, deforestation, or urbanization, the people of East Java may experience shifts in their vocabulary and ecological concepts.For example, if certain species become rare or habitats degrade, the vocabulary used to describe those species and habitats may also change.
(5) Interaction with other groups: Interaction with other groups, whether through trade, migration, or the development of communication technology, can also influence the formation of the ecological lexicon.Through the exchange of knowledge and experiences with other groups, the people of East Java may acquire new vocabulary related to ecology that may originate from other regions or cultures.
All the above factors interact and contribute to the formation of the ecological lexicon of the East Java community.The vocabulary list used not only depicts phonetic and semantic aspects, but the words and phrases also have a profound connection with cultural and environmental contexts.Therefore, the focus is not only on the meanings of these words but also on their role in reflecting the relationship between the community and their natural environment, culture, and local identity.

Discussion
According to the findings, it is evident that the ecological vocabulary and concepts employed by the communities in East Java are shaped by two primary factors: the region's location and topography, and the prevalent culture and traditions.It is these environmental and cultural elements that contribute to the distinctive features of the ecological lexicon in East Java when compared to other areas.Given its geographic placement in the eastern part of Java Island, East Java boasts a diverse topography, comprising mountains, coastlines, slopes, highlands, valleys, and lowlands.Consequently, the vocabulary repertoire predominantly encompasses terms related to flora, fauna, biodiversity, as well as local customs and traditional laws closely intertwined with the regional culture.
In general, the East Java region is agriculturally and horticulturally based, leading to the frequent appearance of ecological lexicons related to agricultural produce, rice field cultivation, rural activities, and traditional ceremonies for fertility (Sajogyo, 2015).In certain villages like Surabaya and Malang, as well as rural areas in Bondowoso, Banyuwangi, and Probolinggo, the physical structure and components of residents' houses still adhere to the traditional Javanese house design, hence terms such as "pendopo" (pavilion), "alas jati" (teakwood floor), "soko kelir" (pillar), and "atap joglo" (Javanese roof) are commonly used both orally and in writing by the local communities.The ecological lexicon in rural areas (Table 1) illustrates how language is influenced by their environment, culture, and local identity.The components of Javanese houses, for instance, imply ancestral cultural traditions that uphold togetherness, harmony with nature, and faith in "Sang Hyang Widhi" or God."pendopo" is an open space that is a crucial part of a Javanese house, used for formal gatherings, traditional ceremonies, and cultural activities.According to Bambang (participant 02, June, 18 2023), "pendopo" symbolizes the simplicity and hospitality of Javanese culture, emphasizing the importance of open spaces and cordial interactions with guests and community members.On the other hand, "soko guru" and "saka guru" are columns that support the Javanese house roof."soko guru" represents the father as the head of the family, while "saka guru" symbolizes the mother.This philosophy underscores the significance of both figures in shaping and maintaining family and community harmony and stability.Additionally, Mbah Ageng (Participant 01, June, 18 2023) explains that "alas jati" is the bottom part of the column that directly attaches to the ground, while "soko kelir" is a horizontal beam connecting the columns.These two elements symbolize the close relationship between humans and nature, as well as the deep interconnectedness between humans, nature, and the spiritual realm.The towering "atap joglo" reflects social and spiritual hierarchy, whereas "tumpang sari," the second roof above the main roof, symbolizes human efforts to attain spiritual perfection through a long

Vocabulary Description
Dalem House or dwelling place.

Pendopo
An open building used as a meeting place and for cultural activities in the traditional village.

Sasana
Sacred place or place of worship in the traditional village.

Soko
Pole or pillar that symbolizes strength and bravery in the traditional village.

Omah adat
Traditional house used as a residence or as a meeting place in the traditional village.

Atap joglo
Distinctive roof style traditionally used in Javanese joglo architecture.
Alas jati "Alas" means forest or woods, and "jati" specifically denotes teak.The term "alas jati" is often used in the context of the ecological and cultural significance of teak forests, especially in areas where they are prevalent.

Banyu pujining rumah
Traditional ceremony involving cleaning and purifying the houses in the traditional village.

Adat istiadat
Traditions and customs practiced in the traditional village as part of the community's way of life.

Soko guru
A person who is respected and considered wise in the traditional village, often being a spiritual figure or advisor.

Klenengan The vocabulary catalog depic
Traditional music performances conducted in the traditional village.ting rural life, including the unique houses of the local and challenging life journey.These elements depict the close relationship between physical and spiritual spaces, as well as the social, spiritual, and cultural values that form the core of life in East Java.These traditional houses are not just dwellings but also symbols that portray the complexity and depth of the culture and philosophy embraced by the people of East Java.
Rural life in East Java is also rich in the principle of mutual cooperation (Table 2), which is at the core of community life there.The people of East Java traditionally have a strong culture of collaboration, mutual assistance, and working together to achieve common goals.The principle of mutual cooperation is reflected in various aspects of East Javanese community life, including in agriculture, traditional ceremonies, and other communal activities.In the aspect of agriculture, for example, mutual cooperation involves active participation from all members of the village community in the planting process.Through the researchers' observations (June, 15-25 2023), it was found that when a farmer has a field that requires planting or harvesting, the entire community collectively assists in these processes.They come together to prepare the land, sow the seeds, tend to the crops, and during harvest time, they work together to reap the produce.The principle of mutual cooperation is also evident in the execution of traditional or religious events where the entire community plays an active role.Prior to the event, they collectively prepare, such as setting up the venue, making necessary equipment, and preparing food to serve to guests.During the ceremony, they work together in various roles, such as singing traditional songs, performing dances, or providing assistance to guests.After the event, they clean and tidy the venue together.Village elders Mbok Saritem and Mbah Karjo (participant 3&4, 20 June 2023) state that the involvement and active participation of the entire community in various communal activities not only serve as acts of solidarity and cooperation but also strengthen social bonds and kinship among community members.This principle of mutual cooperation inherently reflects the spirit of caring for one another, togetherness, and collective responsibility, which is at the core of rural community life in East Java.This principle

Vocabulary Description
Gotong royong Collaboration and mutual assistance between community members in carrying out a task or project together.

Rukun
The harmonious and supportive condition among members of the community in daily life.

Musyawarah
The decision-making process through discussion and reaching a consensus together in facing problems or organizing joint activities.

Adat istiadat
Rules or traditions that govern the behavior of the community in everyday life, including the principle of mutual cooperation.
Upacara adat Ngejuk traditional ceremonial practice to mark significant events, transitions, or milestones within the community.These ceremonies often involve cultural performances, music, dance, and symbolic offerings to honor local customs and beliefs.

Silih asah, asih, asuh
The Javanese motto that means sharpening knowledge together, loving each other, and caring for each other.

Labuh sesaji A traditional ceremony or harvest ritual conducted in agricultural fields
Larung sesaji A religious ceremony involving the release of offerings or tributes to the sea as a sign of respect for ancestors and spirits.

Bakti sosial
Voluntary activities carried out to assist the needy community, such as collecting and distributing social aid.

Kepedulian sosial
Empathy and concern towards the needs and well-being of fellow community members.

Gotong-royong dalam pertanian
Collaboration among farmers in plowing the rice fields, planting rice, or harvesting together.

Kebersamaan
The principle of living together that emphasizes a sense of solidarity and unity among community members.
is also reflected in the vocabularies used, including banyu pujining rumah, omah adat, klenengan, bhakti sosial, kepedulian sosial, kebersamaan etc which are manifestations of the principle of mutual cooperation in the various activities undertaken by the rural communities in East Java.
In Tables 3 (food barn), 5 (organic farming), and 6 (traditional medicine), which are categorized under agricultural produce, there is a specific and unique vocabulary repository for each region (Tables 4, 5, & 6).Regions such as Malang and Banyuwangi, dominated by mountains, plantations, and agricultural fields, possess a rich lexicon of biodiversity.Various types of vegetation, including rare species (Tables 7 & 8) such as Rafflesia Arnoldii (the largest flower) and Jamuju trees (podocarpus imbricatus), which function to maintain the rainforest ecosystem, are found only in this area.Probolinggo and Surabaya, on the other hand, have a topography characterized by lowlands, beaches, and small hills (Mertz & Bruun, 2017).These areas are often directly influenced by the sea and have significant port activities.Therefore, the vocabulary related to the economic flow and maritime aspects often emerges in this region.The Pandhalungan culture in Probolinggo also plays a significant role in preserving maritime knowledge and traditions, such as customary ceremonies related to fishing, celebrations related to marine produce, and the daily activities of the community in Probolinggo.Some of the vocabulary that appears includes pajeko (traditional fishing boat), traditional ritual Ngejuk, and gili putih on the coast of Probolinggo.Vocabulary related to traditional medicinal plants and marine species is also part of their ecological lexicon, such as brotowali, temulawak, dan akar wangi (traditional herbal), penyu belimbing (sea turtle), and kima saron (a large mollusk found in the warm waters around the Probolinggo coast).The shared characteristic of the Bondowoso and Malang regions is their known abundance of green spaces and fertile farmlands.As a result, the vocabulary concerning agricultural produce frequently emerges in the language of these regions.Similarly, the Probolinggo and Banyuwangi areas both hosts protected wildlife habitats, which contributes to a more extensive presence of vocabulary related to wildlife in these areas, including references to Elang Jawa (Javan Hawk-eagle), Badak Jawa (Javan Rhino), and burung jalak (endemic bird).

Lumbung pangan
The system or concept that refers to the storage and management of food resources in an area to meet community needs.

Sawah
The agricultural land used for cultivating rice and other food crops.

Ladang
Agricultural land used for growing food crops such as corn, beans, or tubers.

Kebun
Agricultural land used for growing fruit, vegetable, or spice crops.

Padi
The main food crop in East Java, which is grown in paddy fields and is the main source of rice.

Jagung
Other important food crops grown in the fields in East Java are used as food, animal feed, or industrial raw materials.
Ubi-ubian Food crops such as sweet potato, cassava and cassava which thrive in East Java and are an important source of carbohydrates.

Pohon buah
Plants that produce fruits, such as mango, durian, rambutan and salak, which are important sources of nutrition and food in East Java.
Pohon lontar a species of palm tree known for its multifaceted uses, as its various parts are utilized in construction, food production, and traditional household items Sapi Livestock used as a source of meat, milk and labor in agriculture in East Java.

Perikanan
Fishing and fish farming activities are important sources of protein and food in the coastal areas of East Java.

Vocabulary Description
Waduk Artificial dams are used to store water as a source of supply in irrigation systems.

Kanal
Artificial canals used to convey water from a water source (such as a river or reservoir) to agricultural land.

Parit
Small channels used in irrigation systems to distribute water evenly to fields.
Embung Small water tanks used to collect rainwater as a source of irrigation in remote areas.
Pajeko traditional fishing boat that are typically small, wooden, and equipped with outriggers for stability.They are designed to withstand the rigors of fishing in coastal and open sea waters.

Saluran primer
The main channel that carries water from the water source to the wider agricultural area.

Saluran sekunder
Canals that branch off from the primary canal and convey water to a smaller or more detailed agricultural area.

Subak
Water management system used to cultivate rice that emphasizes the harmonious relationships between humans, nature, and the spiritual world.
Penyemprot air A device used to spread water evenly over farmland through a fine spray.

Pengairan tetes
An irrigation method that uses pipes or hoses with small holes to deliver water directly to plant roots.

Vocabulary Description
Budidaya organik Agricultural systems or plant cultivation that prioritize the use of natural materials and environmentally friendly practices, without the use of synthetic chemical pesticides or fertilizers.

Pupuk organik
Fertilizers derived from natural materials such as manure, compost, or other organic materials used to fertilize the soil and provide nutrients to plants naturally.

Pestisida alami
Natural ingredients used to control pests and diseases in plants, such as neem oil, other natural ingredients that are harmless to the environment and human health.

Kompos
The process of decomposing organic matter such as leaves, grass, or plant residues used as organic fertilizer to increase soil fertility.
Tanaman organik Plants grown using organic cultivation methods, without the use of pesticides or synthetic chemical fertilizers.

Praktik pengendalian hama terpadu
An integrated approach to pest control, which includes the use of mechanical, biological and natural methods to reduce pest populations without damaging the environment.

Konservasi tanah
Practices to maintain and improve soil quality, including applying ground cover, erosion control, and increasing soil moisture.

Sertifikasi organik
The process of issuing a certificate that confirms that a product or agricultural land has met the established organic farming standards.

Pertanian berkelanjutan
An approach in agriculture that focuses on the efficient use of natural resources, environmental conservation, and long-term sustainability.

Label organic
The label indicating that a product or material comes from organic farming and has met the established standards.
The agricultural tradition and rural life practices of the Osing community, including traditional farming methods and sustainable lifestyles, significantly influence the lexicon related to agriculture, land, and agricultural environments in the Banyuwangi region, such as herbal plants like temu ireng, temu lawak, kunir putih, pohon lontar and varies of rituals such as labuh and larung sesaji.In the Osing culture, the ceremony of harvest, as a way to show gratitude and reverence for nature, is performed both at sea and on land, resulting in the use of distinct terminologies.The term "Labuh" signifies the traditional agricultural ceremony conducted in fields, while "larung" refers to a religious ritual involving the offering or casting of tributes into the sea as a mark of honor for ancestors and spirits.The Lontar tree, known as "Ketek" in the Osing language, holds significant importance in local customs, serving various purposes including construction materials, culinary ingredients, and traditional household implements.Additionally, herbal plants like temu lawak dan temu ireng find use in traditional cooking and herbal medicine, with knowledge of their application often passed down through generations within the Osing community.Conversely, in the ecological lexicon of Malang and Surabaya, specifically within the Arekan dialect includes terms such as kebon, banyu, gawe, sego, coban etc.This dialect is characterized by word simplification and different pronunciation compared to the standard rules of spelling.One distinctive feature of Surabaya Javanese is the use of Javanese affixes for Indonesian vocabulary.In Standard Javanese, the suffix "−a" is

Ekstrak tumbuhan
The liquid obtained from the separation of active compounds in traditional medicinal plants, usually using a specific solvent, and used as a raw material in the production of traditional medicines.

Bahan baku alami
The ingredients used in the manufacture of traditional medicines come from plant sources, such as roots, leaves, stems or fruit of plants.

Khasiat penyembuhan
Healing properties: The effects or abilities of traditional medicinal plants to cure diseases or alleviate specific symptoms.
Pengobatan holistik Holistic healing approach: A treatment approach that addresses the individual comprehensively, including physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects, using traditional medicinal plants.
Warisan budaya Knowledge and practices of traditional medicine passed down from generation to generation, becoming part of the culture of the East Java community.

Tanaman endemik
Plants that only grow in specific regions, such as East Java, and have unique medicinal properties for the local community.
Brotowali traditional medicinal plant known for its potential health benefits Temulawak type of ginger native to Indonesia, commonly used for culinary and medicinal purposes.

Akar wangi
Indonesian term for "fragrant root," typically referring to the roots of certain aromatic plants.
Temu ireng refers to a type of ginger with a dark reddish color, also used in traditional medicine.

Kunir putih a medicinal plant with various health properties
Konservasi tanaman obat Efforts to protect and preserve the diversity of traditional medicinal plants, as well as to maintain the sustainability of natural resources used in traditional medicine.
pronounced as [ɔ], similar to the letter "o."However, in Surabaya Javanese writing, the conventional Javanese writing rules that use the letter "a" are often not followed, leading to the use of the letter "o" to represent the sound.On the other hand, the Malang Javanese or Malang Dialect, also known as Osob Kiwalan or Boso Walikan, is characterized by the reversal of letter positions in Javanese or Indonesian words in general.The use of this dialect is particularly noticeable in informal conversations and oral communication contexts.Nevertheless, in terms of the ecological lexicon, the written aspect does not differ significantly from that of the Indonesian language.
The results of the research indicate that the people of East Java have a rich and unique vocabulary related to wildlife and their natural environment.This vocabulary reflects the diversity of wildlife in the region, as well as the close relationship between the community and the natural environment.Ecological concepts, such as local wisdom in natural resource management, protection of specific wildlife, and understanding the interconnectedness between humans and nature, are also found in the ecological lexicon of the East Java community.These findings have important implications for language and cultural development, as well as environmental conservation in East Java.By maintaining and promoting the use of indigenous terms and phrases related to the environment, the East Java community can continue to celebrate its rich linguistic traditions, preserving a sense of identity and belonging among its people.Furthermore, preserving these linguistic nuances ensures that the cultural significance and traditional knowledge of the East Java community are passed down through generations, fostering a sense of pride and continuity in cultural heritage.Pawongan Sacred places or places of worship that exist within the customary forests of East Java.

Lembaga adat
The institution responsible for the management of customary forests and ensuring their sustainability.

Masyarakat hutan
The community that traditionally lives in and relies on customary forests in East Java.

Pemangku adat
The figures or individuals who play a significant role in preserving and practicing local customs and wisdom in the management of customary forests.

Warisan leluhur
The knowledge, values, and traditions passed down through generations by indigenous communities related to the management and protection of customary forests.

Temu adat
Meetings or deliberations between customary forest stakeholders and forest communities to make decisions regarding the management and conservation of customary forests.

Rimba adat
Parts of customary forests that hold special cultural and traditional significance for the people of East Java.

Larangan adat
Rules or prohibitions highly upheld in the traditional communities of East Java to protect customary forests, including the prohibition of cutting certain trees or hunting within the customary forest area.

Pemetaan adat
The process of identifying and mapping the boundaries of customary forests and areas with special cultural and traditional values in East Java.

Conclusion
The ecological vocabulary and concepts used by the people of East Java have unique characteristics compared to other regions.This uniqueness is primarily shaped by the geographical location and cultural aspects that encompass the area.The topography of East Java, consisting of highlands, lowlands, coastal areas, and natural forests, provides a diversity of vocabulary related to flora, fauna, natural forests, and wildlife.The dominance of the flora and fauna lexicon indicates the richness of the region's agricultural produce and reflects the fertility of the agricultural and plantation land in this area.The names of endemic species found only in Banyuwangi, Probolinggo, and Malang reflect the biodiversity of the region, as well as the community's knowledge of and respect for their natural environment.The list of vocabulary used to depict principles of conservation and environmental protection, such as rimba adat, larangan adat, konservasi satwa liar etc contains concepts related to the prohibition of hunting particular species closely associated with traditional law and the practice of safeguarding natural forests.As a result, this diverse and distinctive lexicon not only originates from the community's engagement with the natural surroundings but also mirrors profound cultural beliefs and indigenous knowledge in conserving biodiversity and ecology in East Java.

Vocabulary Description
Konservasi satwa liar Efforts to protect and maintain wildlife populations and their natural habitats.

Satwa liar
Animals that live freely in the wild and are not domesticated.

Habitat
Natural environment where wildlife resides, encompassing various types such as forests, grasslands, rivers, and seas.

Spesies terancam
Wildlife species whose population is continuously declining and at risk of extinction.
Banteng Jawa Endangered endemic banteng species that are only found in a few regions in East Java.
Badak Jawa An extremely rare and critically endangered rhino species, with only remaining populations in Meru Betiri National Park in East Java.
Elang Jawa a species of bird of prey found in Java, Indonesia, and surrounding areas.It is known for its distinctive appearance and powerful predatory capabilities.
Burung endemic Bird species that are only found in certain areas, such as East Java endemic birds such as the Javanese magpie, Javanese finches, or Javanese cendet.

Raflesia Arnoldi
A parasitic plant known for having the largest and heaviest flower in the world.

Pohon Jamuju
The Podocarpus imbricatus, commonly known as the "jamuju" tree, is a type of coniferous tree typically found in forested areas in tropical and subtropical regions, including in East Java Penyu Belimbing refers to the hawksbill turtle, a type of sea turtle known for its pointed beak-like mouth resembling a starfruit.
Kima Saron the local term for the giant clam, a large species of clam that can be found in warm waters in the Indo-Pacific.

Pengawasan
Monitoring and observation of wild animals to protect and control their presence and collect important data.

Perlindungan habitat
Efforts to maintain and restore the natural habitat of wild animals by maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem and preventing environmental damage.
Penegakan hukum Implementation of rules and regulations that protect wildlife and combat illegal hunting or illegal wildlife trade.