Strategy, factor, and response of apologies in Javanese and Madurese: A cross-cultural pragmatics study

Abstract Javanese and Madurese people apologize in distinct ways. It is a common misconception that Javanese people always apologize, even when they are right. Madurese typically finds it difficult to accept forgiveness and apologize. Therefore, this study examines the approaches Javanese and Madurese took toward older, similar-aged, and younger individuals, as well as the elements contributing to apologizing and their respective cultures’ reactions to apologies. A descriptive qualitative analytical approach was used. 80 Javanese and Madurese respondents provided the data. The findings demonstrated that Javanese more frequently employ direct tactics for younger individuals and explanation strategies for those older and the same age. In contrast, Madurese people tend to utilize explanation techniques more frequently for older persons and explanation tactics for younger people. Making a mistake is the primary motivator for Javanese and Madurese to apologize, and their response to someone using one of the five apologetic tactics is to acknowledge their error. Finally, the Javanese have a propensity for being indirect. On the other hand, the Madurese tend to apologize more directly when they mess up, yet both share a forgiving nature.


PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
Every place has a culture and rules trusted in behavior, actions, and language.It is unique, like the Javanese and Madurese language, which has rules and levels of speech for those who are older, of the same age, and younger.What is unique is that they have strategies and factors for apologizing and have a way of responding when someone apologizes.The results of this research will undoubtedly benefit the broader community as an initial reference in interacting or communicating when meeting Javanese and Madurese people when visiting Indonesia or other places around the world.Of course, it will also be beneficial in building relationships and understanding how to deal with them.

Introduction
Apologies are usually made by someone when they make a mistake.However, each community group has its strategy, factors, and values for apologizing to someone based on the morals that apply in their respective environment.An example is the Javanese and Madurese people often do the concept of apologizing.The two tribes have language and cultural differences.The Javanese speech act of apology tends to be stated first, though what is said or done is not necessarily wrong (Sri Maruti, 2016).Meanwhile, the Madurese people are considered to have a tough character, so this assessment impacts the justification of the nature of impoliteness towards the Madurese people, including the habit of apologizing (Mahardhika, 2019).For this reason, the speech act of apology in Javanese and Madurese society is exciting to study; besides, there have never been previous researchers who have examined this issue.
The speech act of apology is significant to study because this matter is a form of social interaction that must consider socio-cultural identity, the topic of speech, the context of the situation, and the politeness principles that apply in a speech community (Sri Maruti, 2016).Apologizing expresses regret for hurting or disturbing the speech partner (Ibrahim, 1993).The speech act of apology is included in the category of expressive illocutionary acts, namely the illocutionary function that uncovers or conveys the speaker's psychological attitude towards the circumstances implied in the illocutionary (Searle, 1979).The speech act of apology is included in an expressive subcategory of illocutionary speech acts (Leech, 1983).From the point of view of interpersonal communication, the speech act of apology places its leading role on the speaker (Lubis, 1993).Thus, the burden of being polite in language rests more on the speaker because he has to protect the speaker's feelings.In other words, because the speaker hopes that the apology conveyed will be considered a form of language politeness, the speaker will try to persuade (or can also force) the speaker to accept the apology given as a form of social responsibility to maintain the harmony of communication.So, from that, the strategy system, factors, and how to respond to apologizing in society need to be known and studied in depth.
This study analyses different apologetic strategies, factors, and responses in Javanese and Madurese.When speaking with older people, individuals their age, and younger people, the Javanese and Madurese are known to utilize language in distinct ways.Additionally, these two tribes are well known for their morally strong culture.The research then focuses on the Madurese community, which consists of four districts: Sumenep, Pamekasan, Sampang, and Bangkalan, and explores strategies, factors, and ways to respond to apologies from the Javanese community in the cities of Surabaya, Gresik, Sidoarjo, and Mojokerto.Due to these factors, this most recent study poses three questions.(1) What are the Javanese and Madurese apology strategies for the older, same-age, and younger?(2) What specific factors gave rise to the Madurese and Javanese's apology?(3) What response ways were chosen to respond to the Madurese and Javanese's apology?Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide benefits and contributions to developing cross-cultural pragmatics and can give an overview of the broader community as to what and how forms of language, strategies, causal factors, and ways of responding to apologies in Javanese and Madurese society.So, this research is expected to be a helpful reference in understanding the culture of apology in Javanese and Madurese organizations, which have their moral values.This research can also be a valuable reference for the wider community when interacting with Javanese and Madurese people.

Speech act apology
In expressive speech acts, there are speech acts used to apologize.The expression of apology in explicit speech acts is a speech act to express the speaker's feelings of guilt for an action taken before, which was a mistake against the speech partner.In the speech of apologizing, the speaker tries to show their attitude by using specific strategies depending on who the speech partner is with (Mariasari, 2018).The strategies speakers use in expressive speech acts to express apologies consist of five strategies (Cohen & Olshtain, 1983).The five strategies are (1) Expression of apology directly, (2) Strategy of apology by explaining, (3) Apology by acknowledging responsibility, (4) Apologizing by offering reparation, and (5) Apologizing by promising forbearance.Five taxonomies were employed in the study to analyze the Javanese and Madurese apologies.Direct apology is a technique that involves briefly expressing regret with phrases like "sorry" or "I am sorry."An approach for apologizing by explaining consists of saying "sorry" and then adding an explanation to help the other person comprehend their error, such as the timeline or the cause.An apology method that involves admitting guilt or fully accepting responsibility for faults is called apologies by acknowledging responsibility.An apology that includes the promise to make amends for the errors done is known as offering reparation.Additionally, apologizing by promising forbearance is an apology stated by pledging to refrain from making the same error in the future.
The speech act of apologizing, which is an expressive act, maintains harmony between speakers and hearers.An apology is a politeness strategy aimed at correcting the offense by the speaker (Holmes, 1990).Someone will apologize when they think they have done something wrong or violated social norms.If not, the person will receive a negative value, such as impolite, arrogant, ignorant, and so on (Fitriani, 2021).The speech act of apologizing is closely related to politeness, so paying attention to the strategy is necessary.The method chosen must also reflect true feelings so that the effect of the apology is conveyed.The choice of design for apologizing depends on the severity of the offense committed to saving face.
Apologies are usually used when someone has violated a social norm.If an apology is expressed to a person who deserves that greeting, then that person is expected to apologize.Someone who apologizes is someone who regrets the actions that have been done (McKay, 1996).So, an apology can be made if the speaker believes that some of the actions taken before speaking as a precondition cause a problem, which causes the other person to be worthy of being asked to apologize (Retnowati, 2015).Apologies under the genre of expressive play a significant role in human communication as a means of salvaging face.Therefore, individuals must comprehend what an apology is and how it works.The speaker attempts to save face through action when apologizing, which is a remedial act of speech.An apology is a speech act in which one of the participants expects or feels entitled to restitution or an explanation for the other's transgression (Cohen & Olshtain, 1983).A scenario participant can accept responsibility, downplay the seriousness of the deed, or apologize.To enhance the apology or to lessen the offender's guilt, the apologies may be adjusted by combining different apologetic tactics or by adding intensifiers such as adverbs (Aydin, 2013).
Explicit illocutionary force indicating devices (IFID), which are words or formulaic statements that convey sorrow or apology, is a common component of expressions of apology (Cohen & Olshtain, 1983).These formulaic words include performative verbs like "excuse," "be sorry," and "apologize."They are regarded as direct apologies since they involve explicit expressions of regret and regret.According to research, immediate apologies are English's most frequently used apology technique.The researcher created a corpus based on ethnographic research by gathering information from naturally occurring conversations and apologetic exchanges with the aid of college students.The study examined the apology strategies employed in New Zealand English.Upon completing the survey, it was discovered that nearly all expressions of apology, particularly those expressing sorrow for action, were included (Holmes, 1990).Not all excuses come with a performative verb or an IFID.The meaning of a speech act can be expressed using several verbs or assertions (Searle, 1976).In the case of apologies, there are various ways that indirect apologies might be given.Indirect apologies can be made by explaining, admitting guilt, offering to make things right, and promising to understand (Cohen & Olshtain, 1983).Explaining a behavior could be a tactic for making an indirect apology.In the case of a formula, the perpetrator of the action provides a defense.For instance, a student may explain why they were running late to class by saying that their car's tire blew out on the way.Depending on the circumstances, including culture, the seriousness of the action, age, gender, the specific occasion, and other considerations, this particular apology method may be appropriate or unacceptable.
Acknowledging responsibility (which includes the speaker's acknowledgment of the wrong or blame) is another approach to expressing an apology obliquely.The speaker might convey the notion of responsibility using various subsets or even refute it.The following is a list of these subsets: Accepting responsibility with the phrase "It is my fault," demonstrating incompetence with the words "I was confused," and acknowledging the other person's right to an apology with the phrase "You are right!"and displaying lack of intent with the words "I did not mean to" are all examples of how to apologize (Cohen & Olshtain, 1983).In other circumstances, speakers could offer to make good on any harm done by their actions.In a specific situation, repairing could entail the offender restoring the harmed item or correcting the annoyance the movement caused.For instance, a recommended apology for breaking another person's computer may be, "I will buy you a new one."Depending on the listener's response, this action might or might not call for a reply.Another indirect approach is the promise of forbearance, which incorporates future action or guarantees that the activity will not happen again.This kind of indirect apology strategy depends on the circumstances and does not function as the primary method of apology.The primary factor elements evaluated in this study were (1) Making a mistake, (2) Making a request, (3) Making a rejection, and (4) Lateness.In addition to the apologetic method, the causes that led to Javanese and Madurese were also examined.These four characteristics are qualities linked to increased apologies in several earlier research.Additionally, the study looks at how the five tactics above are used in reaction to apologies.The three essential characteristics that have been looked at about the response to an apology are (1) Admit, (2) Indeterminate, and (3) Reject.These three replies illustrate how most people react when someone apologizes.The target population for this study is between the ages of 18 and 45 because this is when people are regarded to be at their most productive and physically and biologically developed.Humans reach their peak of activity at this time.So, they typically communicate with those around them, make mistakes, apologize, and accept apologies.

Cross-cultural pragmatics
The Whorfian hypothesis suggests that there are two possible relationships between language and culture: (1) "linguistic determinism," in which language structure and or behavior may affect how members of a group perceive the world, and (2) "linguistic relativity," in which language varieties can reflect people's regional, social, ethnic, and gender origins in addition to their gender (Ottenheimer & Pine, 2019;Wardhaugh & Fuller, 2015).In other words, regardless of whether a person is conscious of it or not, their cultural history can affect how they use language and interact with others in a group or society based on the principle of linguistic relativity.
A given society's cultural norms and values may differ from those of other clubs regarding communication.Either intercultural pragmatics or cross-cultural pragmatics can be used to analyze this further.However, these two ideas need to be more concise and clear.While intercultural pragmatics is a relatively new field that focuses on how speakers of different native languages and cultures interact when using a shared language, cross-cultural pragmatics studies the variations and patterns when speakers of other languages and cultures use their tongues (Kecskes, 2016).Conducting a study of cross-cultural pragmatics is more appropriate to assess the language use of two groups of native speakers from two distinct ethnic groups, such as Javanese and Madurese, because it focuses on contrasting various groups when speaking their languages.
The essential tenet of cross-cultural pragmatics is how people interact differently in other nations and groups, reflecting differing cultural values (Wierzbicka, 1991).Various language and communicative tactics can be attributed to multiple accomplished artistic goals and ideals.Understanding how language is utilized in diverse cultures is crucial to prevent misunderstandings and pragmatic failures.In particular, cross-cultural pragmatics examines numerous aspects of language that compare different cultures, such as speech actions, behavioral patterns, and language behavior (Kecskes, 2016).In other words, cross-cultural pragmatics focuses on communication disparities based on contexts, interactions, and situations.

Related previous studies
Research studies have attempted to determine the variations in apology strategies in a variety of languages (Ardiati, 2023;Bataineh & Bataineh, 2008;Chamani & Zareipur, 2010;Maruti et al., 2021;Tanaka et al., 2000).These studies have been mainly based on the universal apology strategies and classifications researchers have been conducting.Since English is the dominant language taught as a second or foreign language worldwide, many scholars have concentrated on comparing English with other languages.Bataineh and Bataineh (2008) examined the apology techniques employed by Jordanian Arabic and American English speakers (Bataineh & Bataineh, 2008).They also examined gender disparities in the two distinct cultures and languages.One hundred speakers from the United States and 100 from Jordan were the participants.They were asked to provide examples of circumstances in which they felt an apology was required.The researchers then used a questionnaire that included the top 15 situations.Data from the study showed certain variations, like Jordanian Arabic speakers being more expressive than American speakers, indicating that they combined some different tactics simultaneously.Additionally, the data demonstrates that American male and female differences are significantly more minor than those of Jordanians.Chamani and Zareipur (2010) explored the variations in apologetic tactics between British English and Persian by examining data gathered from naturally repeating events from two different corpora.Based on spoken data from the British National Corpus (BNC), Deutschmann (2003) provided the data for the British apologies; the material for the Persian apologies came from a corpus of 500 apology exchanges that one author and three assistants obtained by completing tasks that required them to provide details about the context of the exchanges and the precise phrases used.According to the findings, both participants adopted similar tactics.However, Persians employed an explicit apology with other methods, but British speakers often used just one IFID.Both results demonstrate that the two languages differ from English regarding how apologies are expressed.Turkish apology techniques could be comparable to other countries' cultures because they are similar to Turkish culture.The two researchers found that Persian and Arabic native speakers were more demonstrative in their apologies.As opposed to typically adopting just one technique, as American and British English speakers did, they opted to use more combinations of tactics.Additionally, it stands to reason that Turkish speakers will employ more different approach combinations than American English speakers.
Then, a research conducted by Tanaka et al. (2000), who researched Apologies in Japanese and English, found that IFID is more frequent in Japan than in English.Furthermore, research on apologies in Indonesian and other languages was conducted by Ardiati (2023).The research title is Apology Speech Act in Indonesian and Japanese Language: A Comparative Method.Her research proves that the strategy of apologizing in Indonesian tends to be given directly.Meanwhile, the Japanese language obeys more the Politeness Principles.Moreover, this research does not use the questionnaire instrument but from the internet.Maruti et al. (2021), entitled An Ethnopragmatics Study of Apologize Speech Acts in Javanese, was carried out using the ethnographic method in which researchers conducted in-depth observations and interviews in just one area on the island of Java, without comparing it with other languages.

Research conducted by
Given the availability of earlier studies like those conducted by the academics above, this most recent study's goal and concentration is to examine apologies in two distinct languages, specific apologies in Javanese and Madurese.This article examines the factors, techniques, and response methods employed by native Javanese and Madurese speakers while uttering the expressive speech act of apologizing in light of the context of the current issues.Tanaka et al. (2000) research also examined the responses of Japanese, British, and Canadian people when someone apologized using direct, responsible, managed problem strategies.As for the responsibility strategy, they use the admit, indeterminate, reject, and other response features.Meanwhile, in apologizing by addressing problems, they use the response features refuse to repair, offer help/repair, reassure, suggest, and task-oriented.However, the researchers consider that this is too much.So, in the latest research conducted by these researchers, it is possible to use the response features admit, indeterminate, reject, and others in the five elements of the apology strategy used in this latest research.

Research design
This study used a descriptive qualitative approach.The descriptive qualitative technique was chosen because it seeks to examine the attitudes, behavior, and experiences of a particular group of people through the analysis and interpretation of data (Dawson, 2007).According to Ary et al. (2006), descriptive-qualitative elaborate the data in term of pictures or words instead of numbers and statistics.The descriptive-qualitative approach in this research helped investigate the types of apology strategies, apology factors, and the kind of apology responses.Then, qualitative research in this present study helped analyze, describe, explain, interpret, and validate the findings of the Javanese and Madurese apology strategies, apology factors, and the type of apology responses.As stated by Wray and Bloomer (2006), the qualitative approach is an approach that better describes and interprets data rather than calculating features.

Data collection
In this study, the use of apologies among speakers of Javanese and Madurese is being investigated.Javanese and Madurese societies served as the study's data source, and a questionnaire was used to collect the study's data, which were then compiled into percentages and words.In this study, 80 people were involved.There were 40 speakers of Javanese and 40 of Madurese in attendance.The Madurese participants reside on the Madura island: Sumenep, Pamekasan, Sampang, and Bangkalan.
In contrast, the Javanese participants reside in the East Java region: Surabaya, Gresik, Sidoarjo, and Mojokerto.The group's ages ranged from 18 to 45.A questionnaire was used to collect the data for this investigation.According to Rose et al. (2020), the questionnaire gives participants a circumstance and or prompt.It gives them a choice of how to reply (oral, written, or cloze).Surveys with questionnaires are widely used to examine pragmatic competence, especially about certain speech acts like apologizing.They contend that the ability of the researcher to manipulate language and its relationship to specific aspects of the situation or prompt, such as in social contexts that include power dynamics, social distance, and imposition (Brown & Levinson, 1987), makes questionnaires effective data collection tools.It was the reason why the questionnaire was chosen for this study because it can work appropriately, be suitable and on target, and represent a large community.
Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the data on strategy, factors, and responses to Javanese and Madurese apology.All of the participants in this study were required to complete an online questionnaire, choosing the three strategies for apologizing to older people, peers, and younger people that are most frequently used, as well as providing examples of apology sentences from the strategies that have been used to address the first research question.The second study question is then discussed in the questionnaire along with a choice of factors that lead to an apology and the justifications based on the cultural context of their surroundings.Along with offering an example phrase of the response strategy chosen to address the third study question, there is also a choice of how to react to an apology.All participants completed Google Forms that the researcher gave with options and samples of their apologies expressions.At the same time, the researcher used the interview technique for collecting the data before sharing the questionnaire as the first survey with the Javanese and Madurese natives.All interview questions aim to know deeply about the Javanese and Madurese strategies, factors, and responses to the apology.

Data analysis
From the data, the researcher first categorized and coded all of the data using Excel to be apology strategies, factors, and ways of responding to apologies between Javanese and Madurese, for the apology strategies were classified into five apology strategies by Cohen et al. (1986).All the data was recognized from the Excel as the questionnaire results were shared.The researcher categorized all of the data to answer the first research question (apology strategy) based on the three age groups (older, same age, and younger) and categorized the strategy types based on five research features (direct, explanation, responsibility, repair, and promise forbearance).Answer and organize the data of the second research question (apology factor) was based on the four research features (making a mistake, making a request, rejecting, lateness, and another factor filled in by the respondents in the form of the questionnaire).Answer and categorize the data of the third research question (apology response) was based on the three features of responses (admit, indeterminate, reject, and other ways filled by the respondents in the form of the questionnaire) when people using the five apology strategies like in the first research questions.The researcher then calculates the results as a percentage.Third, the researcher analyzes the percentage results and examples of participant-provided sentences to highlight similarities and contrasts.Fourth, the results were analyzed in light of the social circumstances (social power, social distance, and degree of imposition) described by Brown and Levinson (1987) for each event.Fifth, the general results were also addressed to show how the Javanese and Madurese cultures, or the cultures of the speakers, were mirrored in the employment of apologetic strategies, factors, and ways of responding based on cross-cultural pragmatics and different cultural values by Wierzbicka (1995).

Results and discussion
Based on the research problems and data analysis in this latest research, it produces several findings.First, Javanese and Madurese strategies.Second, Javanese and Madurese apology factors.Furthermore, the third is Javanese and Madurese's responses to apology strategies.These three findings are described and discussed in detail below.

Javanese apology strategy
The Javanese have various languages for older people, the same age, and people who are younger or are referred to as "ngoko alus, ngoko lugu, krama alus, & krama inggil."Similarly, there are distinctions in the words used to apologize to people who are equivalent in age but older.Additionally, there are several ways to apologize to those who are younger, older, and younger people.Figure 1 below illustrates the methods Javanese people frequently employ while apologizing to elders, peers, and younger people.
According to Figure 1 above, Javanese people frequently choose explanation tactics over other strategies when expressing regret to elderly persons.The image above makes it clear that 30% of the 40 Javanese respondents to this study used an apology with an explanation.Then, in second place (22.5%) are the promise of tolerance and the responsibility strategy.The direct technique (15%) Javanese people utilize is in third place.The Javanese rarely apply the repair technique (10%) when making amends to elderly persons.
From these findings, it can be inferred that Javanese individuals prefer to give a precise explanation when apologizing instead of directly apologizing when interacting with older people, such as their parents or possibly an elderly and respected public person, because it is often regarded as disrespectful to apologize immediately to an older person without providing a detailed explanation.As a result, the speaker apologizes using an explanatory method by adding words of regret and even giving a chronology to show that he made a mistake from start to finish, along with explanations for how it might have happened (Mariasari, 2018).The Javanese prefer to apologize and then provide an answer to the older people because they believe this will give more thorough justifications and show what kinds of chronological errors might happen.Following are some examples: (J1) "Ngapunten nggeh buk wingi bengi kulo mboten saget bantu njenengan mergo kulo ngerjakke tugas tugas kang kudu dikumpulno wingi bengi".[Sorry, Mom, I could not help you last night because I was doing assignments that had to be submitted the previous night.] In the examples above, the speaker expresses his regret at the outset before explaining why he cannot assist the speaker.The speaker mentioned that he was working on academic tasks to be turned in the night before.Therefore, that is why he could not assist the speaker last night.It is clear from the many instances provided by the respondents that the Javanese have a distinct style when using an explanation technique for apologizing: they express their regrets first before describing the circumstances leading up to the mistake.The terms "ngapunten, nyuwun pangapunten, nyuwun pangapurane, sepuntene," and similar expressions are frequently used by Javanese people to express their regret to elders.
Additionally, Javanese people frequently use explanation strategies when apologizing to people, with the explanation strategy in Figure 1 being the most common, or 45% of the other systems.In addition, 25% of respondents chose to apologize directly, 20% used a responsibility strategy, 10% used a repair strategy, and 0% used the promise of forbearance strategy when apologizing to people of equal status.
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Javanese individuals explain how they committed a mistake to equal persons instead of apologizing directly.People are thought not to be shy when they are friendly with their pals.So, the Javanese apologize to equal people using more excellent justification techniques.If true, this suggests that friendship is highly guarded to avoid misunderstandings when issues arise.Regarding the word "apology," which the Javanese typically use as "sepurane," some even use "ngapunten" for individuals their age.Following are some instances of Javanese people apologizing to others in line with the explanation strategy: (J2) "Sepurane yo, aku gak niat ngono sakjane.Aku yo lali ga ijin awakmu sek, dadi langsung delok catetanmu.Aku mek pengen delok tok, gak nyalin pek an mu blas".[Sorry, I did not mean it like that.I first forgot to ask your permission, so I looked at your notes.I just wanted to see, not copy yours at all.] From the example above, it is clear that the Javanese manner of expressing an apology with an explanatory strategy to the right person is to do so right away.Explain the error only after using the example from data J2 above.While apologizing, an explanation aims to demonstrate regret and provide a timeline of mistakes (Retnowati, 2015).The speaker expresses regret to the other speaker, explaining that the previous errors were not meant.The speaker should have advised the speaker to borrow and obtain authorization beforehand.The speaker does not want to reproduce what they wrote; they only want to glance at their notepad.With the justification provided, what the speaker did in this data demonstrated regret.
The data shows that 35% of respondents use a straightforward process, followed by 27.5% who use an explanation, 17.5% who use a repair, 12.5% who use a responsibility strategy, and 7.5% who use a promise of forbearance when apologizing to younger people (Figure 1).Therefore, it is well known that most Javanese people apologize to younger people in a frank manner.The Javanese word for "apology" to younger people is "sepurane."However, some Javanese still use "ngapunten" for younger people.
Without using more words, the direct method of apologizing is a natural response (Cohen, 1996).

" [Sorry!] (J5) "Sepurane yoo nek aku ono salah." [I am sorry if I have made a mistake for you!]
The speaker expresses himself directly when apologizing in the utterances above in data (J3) and (J4), leaving out any additional justifications for his errors.The speaker in data (J5) apologizes since he perceives a problem with the speech partner directly.With just a few words and no need to elaborate on younger people, the Javanese apology with an explicit plan appears essential in its language form.

Madurese apology strategy
Madurese also uses different language stages while speaking with older and younger people, much as Javanese do when talking to people their age, younger people, and older people.In Madura, these variances are referred to as "mandhap (nja'-iya), tengnga'an (enggi-enten), & tenggi (enggibunten) languages."The Madurese also have a different approach and vocabulary to employ with individuals who are younger, older, and the same age as them when they apologize.According to the research, Madurese frequently uses the same approaches when speaking to people their age and younger people, as demonstrated in the image below.
Figure 2 above demonstrates that Madurese people apologize to older people in the most straightforward manner possible.In contrast, younger people apologize in the most concise way possible and to equals the most frequently.According to the research, 30% of Madurese who apologize to elderly persons use an explanation strategy, 25% use a direct approach, 22.5% pledge forgiveness, 17.5% take responsibility, and 5% use a repair strategy.For example, "tak langkong saporanah, nyo'on saporah, nyu'una saporana, nyu'un pangaporah, saporanah, nyu'un sapora, nyu'un sapora" and similar expressions are used by Madurese people to apologize to elders.When expressing regret to elders, Madurese typically uses specific language structures.The most common explanation technique employed by Madurese identifies that when they apologize for wronging an older person, they frequently explain the situation or issue that occurred.In addition, Madurese is renowned for its civility while interacting with older adults and for elevating parents and local authorities in their society.As a result, Madurese does not instantly apologize to the elders but follows up with an explanation of their errors.Following are some examples:

(M1) "Ta' langkong saporanah ghuleh gelle' keng gi' bedeh kalakuan mendada' daddi ta' bisa entar." [I'm sorry I had an urgent job so I couldn't come.] (M2) "Nyo'on sapora abdhina are mangken tak bisa ngajer amarghe bhedhan korang sehat." [I am I teach today because my body is unhealthy.]
In the example in the data (M1) above, the speaker apologizes to the speaker and explains that the speaker is unable to attend a location or event planned by the speech partner because the speaker unexpectedly received a job that must be completed at the same time as the speaker and requires the speaker to attend the location or event to which the speech partner has invited the speaker.Data (M2) shows that the speaker apologized and informed the speech partner that they could not teach that day due to a health issue.The speaker's explanation in data (M1) and (M2) focused on the fact that he encountered difficulties going to or attending a location, event, or activity that he ought to engage in that way.Accordingly, in an apology based on these two instances, the speaker expresses regret not because of a mistake but because of personal difficulties that affected the conversation partner.Due to this impact, the speaker may become discouraged or start looking for speakers nationally; Figure 2 is the foundation for the Madurese apologetic technique for individuals of equal standing.The most common sorry method, employed 45% of the time, is the direct apology.In the second spot, an explanation of up to 40% and a responsibility of 10% comprise the most popular system.The pledge of forbearance and the repair approach comes in at 3% each.The Madurese words for "saporanah and sapora" or anything similar express regret to those on an equal footing.Following are some examples of Madurese speech acts used to express regret directly to peers their age:

(M3) "Ta' langkong saporanah tretan." [Sorry guys.] (M4) "Saporanah ye mon engko' andi' sala." [Sorry if I got it wrong.] (M5) "Sapora ye." [I am sorry.]
It is clear from the apologies data presented above that Madurese typically employs a straightforward apology when apologizing to peers or persons in their age range.As for the statistics, (M5) illustrates a direct apologetic speech that may be delivered to individuals of identical size without additional justifications or techniques.In addition, data (M3) and ( M4) indicate that speakers apologize to their peers when anything is wrong or the error is unclear.
Then, when Madurese apologizes to younger people, Figure 2 shows that the direct strategy is most frequently used (by 45% of respondents), followed by the explanation strategy (used 30% of the time), the repair strategy (17.5% of the time), and the responsibility strategy (7.5% of the time).While this happens, Madurese does not apologize to younger people by promising patience.The vocabulary used to express regret to younger people differs from direct guilt to those the same age, such as "saporanah ye lek, saporaan, saporanah, sapora."Here is an illustration of a Madurese speaker's apologetic speech explicitly directed at young people: (M6) "Saporanah yeh le ' engko' ta' taoh." [Sorry, bro, I do not know.](M7) "Engko' saporanah cong mon andi' salah ka ba'na cong."[Sorry, son, if there is something wrong with you.] (M8) "Saporanah le'." [Sorry sister.]The example of an apologetic speech above shows how the speaker directly addresses younger people.In data (M6), the speaker apologizes for not knowing something about a younger individual referred to as a sibling.The speaker apologizes to a younger male speech partner, according to data (M7), because Madurese typically refers to young or younger guys as "cong."Based on these findings, the speaker apologizes to the communication partner if the direct technique is misused.Additionally, instances of direct, straightforward, and strong apologies made by Madurese speakers to younger speech partners are included in the data (M8).

Cultural value of Javanese-Madurese apology strategies
According to the results of the apology tactics used by Javanese and Madurese towards older people, peers, and younger people, it can be shown that these two languages frequently utilize an explanation strategy when apologizing to senior citizens.Moreover, Javanese and Madurese tend to employ the most direct approach when expressing regret to younger people.However, using an apologetic technique for an equivalent person is different.The Madurese take a natural process, but the Javanese utilize additional explanatory methods.
As a result of these findings, it is clear that the Javanese strategy tends to be indirect or uses more justification techniques when expressing regret to a person.Even when they apologize to children, Javanese people tend to be forthright.However, an explanation method is the second most frequently employed tactic when they apologize to younger individuals.On the other hand, Madurese can be distinguished as being straightforward while apologizing to someone.It is because, in the first %, the explanation technique was more often utilized than the natural strategy, which Madurese employs second most frequently when apologizing to older adults.
When the Javanese engage with the Madurese, and vice versa, these distinctions can be utilized as a point of reference to comprehend each other's patterns or ways of apologizing based on each other's habits and cultures.To make the speech partner learn the timeline and key facts of the speaker's error so that it can happen, the Javanese tend to explain when apologizing for a purpose and has significance for people to express their regret when they do something wrong instantly.Language and cultural differences are frequent and can be leveraged to foster tolerance and understanding between people or to foster an open-minded outlook toward others (Putra, 2018).It is, therefore, possible to interpret the meanings and cultural values of each when engaging by using the contrasting inclinations in the employment of techniques between Javanese and Madurese when apologizing, where the Javanese are indirect, and the Madurese are straightforward.

Javanese apology factor
The Javanese have specific guidelines when they apologize to someone.When a mistake is made, most people will apologize.However, in other cultures, like that of the Javanese, there are several reasons why individuals should apologize to someone.This study identified the three main reasons why Javanese people apologize to others and the factors that influence these reasons.The picture below shows the outcomes.
Figure 3 above demonstrates how eight variables led to the Javanese's apology.The eight factors are making mistakes, asking for something, rejecting, being late, believing not good enough for someone, forgetting, being afraid of reprimands, and disagreeing.Examine the three things that Javanese people seem to do most frequently when they apologize.Making mistakes is the first and most frequent factor (100%) used in that situation.Making a refusal is the second factor (72.5%), while lateness is the third factor most frequently used in an apology (53%).Additionally, in the fourth place, there is a factor of asking for something (37.5%), and in the same position, there is a factor of 2.5% for saying sorry when one feels unfit for someone, forgets, fears being reprimanded, and disagrees.
As a result of these findings, it is clear that Javanese people constantly apologize for their faults.The Javanese are also cited as the kind of people who always apologize when they reject someone, including whether they are asked for assistance, invited, or offered something, as well as in other situations.In some circumstances and conditions, Javanese people also tend to run contrary to what was claimed by Sri Maruti (2016), who claimed that Javanese speech communities tend to express apologies even though the utterances of apologies are not always for concerns of wrongdoing.This study discovered that Javanese people tend to apologize when they make mistakes.As a result, the findings of this most recent study can serve as a fresh foundation for analysis in future studies.

Madurese apology factor
Just as the Javanese have reasons why they apologize, so do the Madurese have reasons why they apologize.Take a look at the research's results.When apologizing to someone, it turns out that the Madurese have several things in common, as depicted in the graphic below.
The statistics from this study are shown in Figure 4 above, and it is clear that Madurese people tend to apologize when they mess up (90%).There are other contributing elements, however.According to the image above, Madurese has eight causal features for apologizing.These eight criteria include making a request, rejecting, being late, defending someone's feelings, insulting, disrespecting language ethics, and making a mistake.These eight characteristics are the same as those in Java.The factors safeguarding someone's feelings, offending, impoliteness, and language ethics differ.The difference highlights the cultural divergence between the Madurese and Javanese people.The first three factors make a mistake when seen from the perspective of the three most frequent factors or actions Madurese took while offering an apology.Making a refusal ranks second regarding an apology issued, followed by a delay (45%).The three traits that Madurese apologizes for are the same as the three main reasons that Javanese apologize for most frequently.
Making a request (27.5%) is the fourth reason that prompts Madurese to apologize.Additionally, 2.5% of Madurese apologies due to offending, being rude, safeguarding someone's feelings, and linguistic ethics.These four elements are different from the others that cause Javanese people to apologize to others.

Cultural value of Javanese-Madurese apology factors
According to the results of the elements that cause Javanese and Madurese to apologize, there are three primary factors that these two communities most frequently utilize in common.Making a mistake comes in first, leading to a rejection comes in second, and tardiness comes in third, causing the most problems.Both Javanese and Madurese frequently apologize when they wrong someone.
These results also refute the stereotype that Madurese are usually unyielding and will not say sorry when they hurt someone.However, the study's findings indicate that Madurese typically apologizes (90%) after doing anything wrong.Many of the preconceptions associated with the Madurese community, according to Syamsuddin (2019), are untrue.For instance, Madurese is perceived as severe, unyielding, temperamental, often enraged, readily offended, and eager for retribution.Not all of these stereotypes are accurate.Additionally, Madurese people are openminded, forgiving, and soft-spoken.
On the other hand, it is also believed that Javanese people tend to apologize even when they have not done anything wrong (Sri Maruti, 2016).In fact, according to the study's findings, Javanese people are more inclined (100%) to accept responsibility for their actions.Javanese and Madurese tend to apologize if anything can be inferred from the two findings.Both of these communities have a propensity to apologize for errors.Additionally, it may be claimed that both Javanese and Madurese people are selfless and lack spiteful personalities.Nevertheless, both communities tend to their mistakes.
Most of the justifications given by the Madurese respondents who filled out the questionnaire as to why they apologized were due to morals and manners in social and communal life, as well as to living with their surroundings and out of respect for other people.(M9) "Karena di lingkungan saya kata maaf juga menunjukkan adab dan kesopanan."[Because in my environment the word sorry also shows courtesy and decency.](M10) "Karena di lingkungan saya orang-orangnya setetangga dan sewarga hubungannya kental atau erat banget sehingga ketika melakukan kesalahan langsung minta maaf dan langsung memberikan penjelasan atau alasan."[Because in my environment the people are neighbors and residents have a strong or very close relationship so when they make a mistake they immediately apologize and immediately provide an explanation or reason.] The Madurese statement on data (M9) demonstrates that expressing regret is necessary for etiquette and manners in social interactions.Data (M10) and other evidence point to the closeness and strength of the bonds within the Madurese community.Madurese frequently repent right away for their faults by stating their regrets aloud or by explaining.Similarly, Javanese society said that being polite to others involves saying sorry.Among the assertions made by the Javanese are the following: (J6) "Karena dibiasakan dari lingkungan sekitar kalau dengan meminta maaf berarti kita bersikap sopan kepada orang lain."[Because we are accustomed from the surrounding environment that by apologizing means we are being polite to others.](J7) "Dalam lingkungan saya meminta maaf itu adalah keharusan untuk yang melakukan kesalahan, melakukan penolakan dan ketika mau melakukan permintaan dan itu dilakukan agar bisa saling menghormati dan menyayangi."[In my environment, apologizing is a must for those who make mistakes, refuse, and when they want to make requests, they do so in order to respect and love one another.] According to research (J6), the Javanese are taught by their environment to apologize as a sign of civility toward others.The data (J7) demonstrates that when doing wrong to others in the Javanese culture, an apology is a requirement.It is advised to apologize to the Javanese even when refusing or making a request because doing so shows respect and care for them.

Javanese responses to apology strategy
Figure 5 above depicts how the five different techniques used by the Javanese people in reaction to an apology-direct, explanation, responsibility, repair, and promise of forbearance-perform.The information above shows that the Javanese have four different ways to respond to an apology.Admitted, undecided, refuse, and admit with consideration are the four options.
If the findings are split down, the Javanese admit 72.5%, leaving 22.5% undecided, admit 2.5% with contemplation, and reject 0% in the direct apology technique.The Javanese accept 77.5% of the explanation strategy, 20% are undecided, 2.5% acknowledge with respect, and 0% reject.In   addition, the Javanese follow the responsibility method of 90% acceptance, 10% indeterminacy, 0% rejection, and 100% welcome with thought.The Javanese use an 85% admit, 15% indeterminate, and 0% deny and disclose with review approach in the repair strategy.The Javanese accept 85% of the forbearance commitment, 12.5% are undecided, 2.5% reject, and 0% accept with consideration.
According to these findings, the five tactics in the data above are more likely to be accepted by Javanese people.Additionally, the rejection of the individual who apologized utilizing the five ways above the pledge forbearance strategy received a 2.5% rejection rate from some Javanese people.A few Javanese individuals are also noticeably indecisive when someone apologizes-additionally, a limited percentage of Javanese people have an explanation technique.
However, the Javanese methods above if the five strategies above are used, only a minimum can be ruled out outright.This finding suggests that Javanese people are tolerant and tolerate apologies to them.Apologize some examples of Javanese sentences used to accept an apology.
(J8) "Iyo rapopo, ojok diulang maneh."[It's okay, don't  The Javanese all use the five ways to respond to someone's apologies in the speech actions listed above.Data (J8) serves as an illustration of how to respond directly to someone who apologizes.The reply expresses acceptance and requests that the person apologizing does not repeat the same error (J9); the speaker acknowledges that he understands the speaker's explanation and accepts the speaker's apologies as an example of a response to receiving an apology with an explanation technique.The following data set shows the standard of getting an apology and assuming responsibility (J10).This reaction demonstrates that in addition to asking for an apology, it also requests that the mistake not be repeated.In data (J11), this phrase illustrates an apology with a repair approach.The speaker forgives the other person while rejecting their suggestion for change.Data (J12) illustrates the promise of forbearance strategy apologies accepted.The reaction acknowledges an apology and requests that the offender refrain from making the same error, showing how Javanese people receive an apology.

Madurese's responses to apology strategy
As seen in Figure 6 above, the Madurese have six methods to react to those who apologize: directly, explicatively, responsibly, repairing, and with a tolerance pledge.The Madurese reaction can take one of six diffs: admitted, indeterminate, reject, disrespectful, welcome with justification and guidance, and ask why.Then, as seen in the image above, Madurese displays 75%, 17.5% indeterminate, and 2.5%, respectively, lack of respect, acknowledging with explanation and advice, and advising the reason, using a direct technique.According to the description, the Madurese revealed 92.5%, 5% a reveal decided, 2.5% acknowledged with motivation and direction, and 0% answered with rejection, disrespect, or asking why.In the repair strategy, 85% of Madurese are willing to admit it, 15% are unsure, and 0% are equally rejected, disrespectful, and unwilling to take explanation and counsel or to inquire as to why.Lastly, regarding forbearance tactics, 85% of Madurese admit, 12.5% remain undecided, 2.5% admit with justification and advice, and 0% are equal advice reaction to rejection, lack of respect, and asking why.
Therefore, based on these findings, Madurese tends to accept an apology when it is made using one of the ways above.Madurese also has tested an apology when extended to them through these five techniques.The fact that no Madurese rejected the five tactics used in this study proves it.Then, a few Madurese remain indented when someone apologizes with a system of justification, accountability, repair, and promise of forbearance.
When someone apologizes, Madurese has three extra direct response options.The three different reactions are disrespect, admission with justification and guidance, and why.It demonstrates how many Madurese do not accept an apology made directly.Some individuals do not respect those who apologize, though people initially want an explanation before receiving guidance and being absolved.It was unclear what the error was when someone apologized, and some people.A few Madurese accept an apology by asking the offender to explain his mistake and offer advice, similar to advice and promise of forbearance strategies.
Assume the findings presented above are used to draw the red thread.When someone apologizes, Madurese tends to accept rather than reject; therefore, in that instance, it may be considered that they are forgiving.Furthermore, imagine that someone apologizes while demonstrating accountability.The Madurese are far more accommodating in that situation and will not object.Following are some compliments that can be given to those who apologize using the five tactics stated above.

okay.] (M15) "Iye ta' rapa. Senga' je' ulangi pole yeee." [It's okay, be careful don't do it again.]
The accounts above are illustrations of speeches by Madurese, who accepts those who apologize.In that instance, the data (M11), using those straightforward words to request an apology without any conditions, is the best course of action.Data (M12) demonstrates that the individual who apologized and provided an explanation technique was accepted and that the person was commended for describing the problem's actual subactual matter.Then, data (M13) provides an illustration strategy in response to someone apologizing for their honesty and accepting responsibility for their shortcomings; the speaker offers an apology at that point.An illustration of getting people to apologize using a repair technique is Data (M14).It demonstrates that the speaker does not care about the errors made and has rejected the supplied correction.Last but not least, the data (M15) shows that the apology is accepted with the request that the offender refrain from making the same error and the pledge of forbearance.

Cultural value of Javanese-Madurese responses to apology strategies
Based on studies on how people react when they apologize, it has been found that Javanese and Madurese people tend to accept rather than reject and that only a tiny percentage will forgive under specific conditions.Additionally, based on these findings, it may be inferred that Javanese and Madurese people tolerate others who apologize.The two ethnic groups can also be described as lacking in vengeance and having trouble forgiving or refusing to accept an apology.
These findings further support dispelling various stereotypes frequently held about Madurese as people who is quickly offended, vindictive, and inclined to conduct violent crimes, and are nothing more than a simple archetypal image.The open approach is one of the distinctive qualities of the Madurese, according to Syamsuddin (2019).It implies that the Madurese ethnic group is expressive, impulsive, and open.As a result, it is not unexpected that Madurese uses straightforward techniques when apologizing and has a positive outlook when someone apologizes.
On the other hand, outsiders perceive the Javanese as exceedingly gentle.Given that the study indicates that Javanese people are forgiving individuals, it may be claimed that the chance that someone's apology will be rejected is exceptionally slim.Nevertheless, the Javanese and Madurese have a tradition and practice of accepting an apology.These two ethnicities are regarded as ethnic groupings that take their neighbors.

Similarities and differences of the strategy, factor, and response of apology in Javanese and Madurese
In the final analysis, the Madurese apologetic technique is more complex than the Javanese apology strategy.The study's findings show that Madurese primarily utilizes a straightforward method (25%) when apologizing to their elders.When compared to those of the same age who use a direct way (45%) and Javanese (25%), Javanese are more marginally (15%).For younger people, Madurese uses a natural approach (45%), while Javanese uses 35%.Javanese people tend to explain things more.
The Javanese and Madurese apologies have some of the factors.They are identical.For both of them, making a mistake is the most critical component or justification for apologizing.The other factors are in the Fifth position and many others.The second factor is when they make a refusal, the third factor is being late, and the fourth factor is making a request.When someone apologizes using the five components of the apologetic approach, Javanese and Madurese people tend to accept it.People who apologize are typically taken utilizing a responsibility technique by Javanese and Madurese.The acceptance rate for apologies among Javanese was 90%, whereas the rate among Madurese was 95%.

Conclusion
This research has shown the results of research findings related to apology strategies, apology factors, and responses to people who apologize from two different languages, communities, and cultures, namely Javanese and Madurese.First, the apology strategy of Javanese and Madurese towards older people, people of the same age, and younger people.Javanese are more likely to use explanation strategies towards more senior people and those at the same level and often use direct methods toward more youthful people.Meanwhile, Madurese people often use explanation strategies towards older people and straightforward procedures the same age and younger.
Second, the results of this study indicate that the three main factors that cause Javanese and Madurese to apologize are the factors of making a mistake, rejection, and lateness.Then, of the three factors, the factor that most often causes the Javanese and Madurese to apologize is the factor of making a mistake.Third, the findings of this study indicate that Javanese and Madurese tend to accept the apology of someone who uses the five strategies in apology, namely the strategy of direct, explanation, responsibility, repair, and promise of forbearance, and only a slight possibility can be rejected and considered first.
So, the results of this study have shown similarities and differences as well as Javanese and Madurese cultural values in terms of an apology.They make apologies as an act of politeness and maintain close relationships with others.In conclusion, Javanese and Madurese quickly apologize and have the same forgiving character.Although this study has reached its aim, some limitations are put forward and expected to be resolved by researchers interested in conducting similar research.This research focuses on the apology of the Madurese and Javanese only.Thus, researchers in the future can examine apologies between Madurese or Javanese with other ethnicities, such as Sundanese, Bugis, Batak, Balinese, and others.
D I R E C T E X P L A N A T I O N R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y R E P A I R P R O M I S E O F F O R B E A R A N

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Figure 6.Madurese responses to the apology strategy.