Can proxy interpreters replace certified interpreters in medical and legal settings?

Abstract Officials play a critical role in regulating the translation industry and advancing global translation quality, particularly in specialized fields such as medicine, health care, and law. Non-professionals and family members (proxies). Therefore, this study aims to endorse the translator’s reliability to assist decision-makers in medical and legal settings in selecting interpreters. Non-professional interpreters are also evaluated to determine their ability to fill in for unavailable certified interpreters. A descriptive-analytical approach was used to investigate the issue and the difficulties associated with resolving it through the use of agents. A fifteen-item fgsurvey of substitute and certified interpreters was conducted to gather the necessary data and dispel claims concerning proxy translators’ preferences. The study findings indicate that certified translators are generally recognized by the authority as having the competence and license to translate in sensitive contexts such as medical and legal translation because they meet all profession-specific requirements. Consequently, proxies jeopardize the quality of translation in sensitive circumstances, and the authorities in charge are responsible for enforcing translation regulations that require translator accreditation.


PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
The premise of this study is that unqualified translators often perform translation work. They are referred to as proxy translators or interpreters. Individuals worldwide have turned to them to interpret in medical and legal settings despite their lack of certification. This study shows that their translation lacks efficacy, precision, and quality. The central question is whether those proxy translators can be a substitute for qualified translators. The study concepts have been thoroughly illustrated, and the issue has been investigated. In some contexts, it was determined that translation could not be performed without the assistance of professional translators as they have experience in various translating settings. To overcome obstacles, it is possible to equip proxy translators with extensive training to perform translation tasks in an emergency. However, the work of licensed professional interpreters is crucial in these life-ordeath contexts, when erroneous interpretation might put lives at risk.

Introduction
Translation is a complex task involving at least two languages in two different contexts. It is often divided into written translation and oral translation. Oral translation is further classified into three modes: consecutive, simultaneous, and sight interpretation. These categories are subject to certain limitations in different contexts, as each language has unique syntax, phonology, lexicon and semantics, and stylistics. Moreover, legal and medical interpreting performed by unauthorized professionals such as doctors and lawyers differs from interpreters working in these sectors needing specific legal or medical knowledge and terminology. However, the risks are immense when working in these situations because errors in interpreting can be critical since it is a question of life and death. In this regard, Swabey and Mickelson (2008:51) reported that medical and legal contexts potentially impact people's lives. Translators or interpreters have crucial actions and decisions in any medical or legal setting. This explains why interpreting in these contexts has received far more scholarly attention than interpreting in other social contexts.
Almost every language has its own structural, phonological, stylistic, and cultural elements. Translators or interpreters usually deal with these equivalent components related to language systems. This is owing to the significant differences between languages since they include two or more different languages. Reportedly, the dissimilarity of the norms is another source that contributes to the interference. , discrepancies between the source and target languages have a negative impact on interpretation. The first purpose of interpreting is to allow multilingual dialogue between people from various cultures and languages. Therefore, an interpreter's initial responsibility is to understand the essence of interpreting included in any interpreting process. Interpreting is the rendering of spoken words, whereas translation is the rendering of written words.
This study aims to settle a dispute over proxy interpreters, usually family members or caregivers hired to provide interpretation in medical and legal settings. Due to the sensitivity of medical and legal grounds, we examine the optimality and reliability of proxy interpreters. This emphasizes the challenges that oral interpretation proxies may encounter in different situations. This study examines the causes of the problem and addresses the constraints that proxy interpreters may face. To explore the issues, the following questions are employed: 1) What is the most influential role of certified interpreters in dealing with the challenges faced in medical and legal interpreting?
2) How has medical and legal background knowledge affected interpreters' accuracy and fluency?
3) How can proxies or certified interpreters provide accurate sight interpreting?

Literature review
Interpretation is a form of intermediate and instant translation that requires the interpreter to assume three roles (Sandrelli, 2003). The interpreter is given a written text in advance in the first role; they prepare their translation after rehearsing it. In the second role, the interpreter is provided an unseen text and is expected to deliver the interpretation immediately without any practice. In the third role, the interpreter is presented with a speech disturbance, which the speaker reads and is to be translated simultaneously into the target language (TL). Lambert (2004: 298) defines interpreting as an explicit recognition of the need for simultaneous interpreting. He asserts that it is both a type of oral translation and a variant of written translation. Considering the many variables involved, such as time constraints, stress, and cognitive studies, translating using sight interpreting is extremely common in simultaneous interpreting.
Thus, considerable language skills, excellent memory, quick thinking, stress tolerance, and high concentration ability are required. Moreover, to convey meaning with high accuracy and fluency, the interpreter must have a thorough knowledge of the working languages of source language (SL) and TL. In addition, linguistic skills such as voice guessing, clear speech, good posture, and steady pace are required for interpreting. When the interpretation is accurate and smooth, the interpreter reads the text written in TL. Furthermore, visual interpreting requires the interpreter's mental speed or mental capacity to perform various tasks. For example, the interpreter reads more extensively into the text, examines the content, and organizes what they will say next. This is done while explaining the TL version of a single paragraph of the text SL throughout the translation process. Consequently, the interpreter's mind must work in two dimensions simultaneously, requiring a high level of fluency and flexibility.
According to Lee (2012), translators should intentionally remove themselves from the source's form to accurately translate the text in the TL and avoid literal translation. This study indicates that a lack of accurate reading skills leads to literal translation because an interpreter who lacks these skills spends too much time on comprehension and translation. Reading accuracy affects vocal rendering in the target language while learning speed affects the flow and interpretation. Reading speed supports the flow and continuity of visual translation, while reading accuracy endorses the comprehension of oral delivery in the target language. In sum, understanding or analyzing the meaning of the source text is required besides processing comprehension skills and message structure. Translators must be able to work effectively under time constraints. Visual translation requires fluency in SL production in the target language. Interpreters' skills are in great demand for obtaining feedback and evaluating information within a linguistically and culturally acceptable framework.
, the interpreting process comprises three strategic steps: comprehension, transformation, and transmission. These steps should be tested separately to understand the complexity of the process. According to Weber (1990), the principles of visual translation include possessing the ability to speak publicly, analyzing the source text, developing the concept of literal translation instead of word-for-word translation, and accelerating the transformation of information from one culture (language) to another. Interpreting requires cognitive processing, and the interpreter working at sight interpreting can control the pace of the transmission. However, sight interpreting places different mental demands on the interpreter because the text is always in front of the interpreter, which increases the possibility of syntactic and lexical interference. Besides these limitations, the interpreter should deliver the text fluently, without unnecessary error corrections and touch-ups, and maintain constant eye contact with the audience, Pöchhacker (2015, p. 375) According to Gabriel González Nez, not all documents are eligible for sight translation (Gabriel González Núñez., 2017:10). For example, longer texts and more extensive essays require more time, while technical and scientific texts are quick to translate. Other documents, however, such as approvals and authorizations, training records, privacy forms, complaints, policies, procedural and safety guidelines, periodic releases, and renewals, are critical and should be translated a normal speed. In addition, some texts must be translated as patient statements, checking in advance whether they are already available in the standard languages required by the public. Financial agreements, informed consents, residence permits, high-level policies, and other official documents should also be translated a normal speed. Specific care instructions, such as discharge instructions, may need to be delivered to the patient later.
Some researchers believe that sight interpreting is easy compared to other types of interpreting. In contrast, others, such as Mikkelson (1995), believe that it is as tricky as simultaneous interpreting because it requires the same cognitive process. According to Agrifoglio (2004:43), interpreting is a complex mode with exact simultaneous and consecutive requirements. The source of constraints in sight interpreting is that translators are tempted to translate literally (word for word), which, according to Tennent (2005), jeopardizes the flow and accuracy of the target text. The five types of constraints faced by interpreters are discourse, linguistic, socio-cultural, schematic, and technical limitations. discourse as linguistic and written communication methods involving social groups with a particular attitude toward social and cultural activities. One of the first limitations is the lack of fluency of the visual interpreters. Due to the speaker's lack of fluency and accuracy, the audience can become confused about the sighted translated message. Therefore, schematic constraints are caused by the sighted interpreters' lack of background knowledge about the subject and topic. Thus, the linguistic structure of (SL) and (TL) may impose constraints on the translators.
Linguistic constraints indicate the unfamiliarity of terms or words. These include knowledge of the language and terminology and understanding of the subject. Socio-cultural constraints refer to culture-specific elements in the text being translated. Technical constraints occur owing to a lack of technical knowledge and technical terminologies. Other obstacles include interpreters' lack of confidence and nervousness in sight interpreting and their lack of experience.
Certain problems can be observed when the interpreter begins interpreting, including speech flow disturbance, translation accuracy, and interference. Speech flow interference is defined as a phenomenon that disrupts the flow of speech without adding any propositional content to an expression (Gósy, 2007, 93). it is expected to help us understand the underlying cognitive processing responsible for production. Disfluency in speech reflects increased mental effort limited by lexical or syntactic uncertainty, planning problems, or production problems.
Translation accuracy demands studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, everyday situation, and cultural context of the text content, reading text to discern its meaning, and restructuring content with identical meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure appropriate to the recipient language and the cultural context, Larson, 1984:3). Translation includes different types of interference, which is a translation error caused by a lack of knowledge or poor translation technique in which a linguistic form typical of the source language is used in the target text. Interference in sight translation can occur when textual content is translated from English as a source language to Arabic as a target language. Therefore, these transfers can be at any level, including phonology, syntax, lexis, pragmatics, and morphology, which seem less affected than in Benson's study (Benson, 2002:69).
Interference in translation theory has attracted significant interest. However, some other theories have been more valuable than "interference" itself. They include contamination, encoding, heterolingualism, linguistic influence, hybridity, borrowing, interlanguage, and pidginization of translations.
In oral translation, the strategies used by translators differ. In particular, lexical and syntactic interference have traditionally been considered classic howlers to be avoided. Reading and understanding the source text, determining the general idea of the text, making notes, checking and analyzing sentences or making illustrations, and conveying the message in the target language are all strategies of interpreting. However, below are the most common strategies of interpreting that require reading the text thoroughly several times: Reading the text several times enables the translator to become more familiar with the sentences, paragraphs, meaning, and genre of the text.
Moreover, determining the idea of the text is another strategy translator use to enable thorough comprehension of the text being translated. Many sentences were written (notes), and some translators picked up the ideas of each paragraph before saying them out loud. Translators should review their messages before interpreting them to identify the essential ideas from the text. Some translators checked their work by looking it up on Google or using an online dictionary.
The oral interpreter is responsible for simplifying and expanding sentences. Unlike written translation, oral translation is often more straightforward and still conveys meaning naturally. If a translation cannot be found for a word, the interpreter explains why they chose a word as the translation. The problem of the study is that those proxy interpreters are often hired in place of certified interpreters. However, the proxies inherently face complex issues where they immediately perform incorrect interpreting in medical and legal settings. This study examines the causes of the problem and addresses the constraints that proxy interpreters may face. Franz Pöchhacker. (2022: 824) Standards for medical or legal interpretations are the most common. While fluency in a second language is essential, additional training is needed to practice in a medical or mental health setting. Medical terminology and the structure and processes of US healthcare are addressed in educational programs leading to certification in medical settings.
Translators and interpreters who work in the mental health field may also need additional resources for supervision and consultation, particularly in therapeutic boundaries, confidentiality, and therapeutic practices (e.g., vicarious trauma). Continuing education for all interpreters, but especially for those in the mental health and medical fields, should consider including mentorship, consultation, and supervision as an option (2021:543). Accreditation is a vital component of professionalization, according to Roberts (as cited in Souza & Fragkou, 2019:11). These authors also note a legal designation protecting the title of practitioners who pass such examinations, which they call "license." Given the profession's inability to distinguish between a healthcare interpreter and a medical interpreter, it is difficult to see the title receiving the same legal protection as sworn translators in many nations outside the US. While few employers need certification to hire an interpreter, Roat and Crezee (as cited in Souza & Fragkou, 2019:11]) note that "being certified is surely one way for interpreters to differentiate themselves from other job candidates." According to Downing and Ruschke (as cited in Souza & Fragkou, 2019:11), a unified national program for healthcare interpreting is challenging to develop.
According to Pöchhacker and Shlesinger (2007:12) among others, proxy or ad hoc interpreters are untrained persons picked from a patient's family or from the non-medical staff of an institution where health discussions are held. They are more prevalent in medical or legal settings than in any other context. This method indeed deals with the problem of language, but it also presents several essential concerns. According to Julia Dahlvik (2018:101), uncertified or untrained interpreters may have difficulties interpreting and cause problems for other participants in the communication situation due to their lack of specific abilities. Some interpreters are employed as "stopgap solutions," meaning they are temporary proxies.

Method
Forty-five female and male college instructors of translation specialized in the English Language, and translation participated in this study. The participants were native Arabic speakers who work as translation trainers and language experts at academic institutions. They prepare and graduate translators to work in law and medical fields and other institutions during each academic year. They participated in this study because they understand the role of the interpreters in these critical settings, which require the skills necessary to produce fluent and accurate sight translations in various critical contexts, such as medicine and the court system. To generalize the study's findings, respondents were selected to participate in this study to epitomize the target population. The selection of the participants was justified by their experience and prior knowledge of the mode of the oral translation process, besides their understanding of the codes of ethics and principles of translation studies. The survey was piloted online due to the widespread use of Covid-19. It was expected that almost all participants (translators) would share their thoughts and perceptions about interpreting and the role of proxies and certified translators in translation contexts. However, only 32 responses were received, and the SPSS program conducted the analysis.

Materials
To accomplish the goals, the researcher opted for a descriptive-analytical methodology. Raw data is collected and summarized in descriptive analytics to be easily comprehended by the user. As a rule of thumb, descriptive analytics focuses on historical data, which provides a necessary context for understanding data and numbers. The researcher devised a 15-item survey to gather information about sight translation issues, proxy use, and the study's objectives. Five points were awarded for each of the survey's fifteen inquiries. The researcher used the Likert scale to evaluate the importance of sight interpretation, issues, and translation strategies. The research team used a descriptive-analytical design to elicit students' thoughts on sight-based interpreting issues and strategies.
The descriptive-analytical methodology was used to examine and elaborate on the limitations and strategies of the participants. Before sending out the questionnaire, the researchers contacted the participants to make sure they were willing to participate in the research. We were surprised when 32 of the 45 participants agreed to participate and returned the questionnaire right away. It was then submitted to a panel of experts for review, and some revisions were made based on their feedback. The reliability of the survey's 15 questions was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (=.91) ( Table 1).

Survey
The survey was suitable for the study because the participants have taught sight translating courses and have background knowledge about sight interpreting and the role of interpreters, whether proxies of certified interpreters. The survey questions were of the close type, covering specific statements related to sight translation and the prospect proxies' challenges. The participants were guided through a triadic scale composed of three options. No choice was given to the participants to clarify open questions and express personal attitudes and opinions. This was because the researcher wanted to investigate specific issues connected with the study's distinct objectives. The survey was uploaded to a website as an initial data analysis step. Once the participants completed the study, the SPSS program was used to analyze the participants' responses. Data analysis, descriptive statistics, numerical outcome predictions, and group identification are all possible outcomes of using SPSS. In addition, this software can be used for data translation, charting, and graphing. In the present study, coding was done based on topics that emerged in the survey to maintain credible findings. Further, the reporting of the results is sent to the participant to see their feedback. The results of the checking showed that the participants agreed with the results. Thus, the author finalized the results without changing the data obtained from the participants.

Finding
We used descriptive and statistical analysis to find the answers to the study questions. Based on the research questions, the following tables show the investigation results. The survey was piloted by 45 translation experts. However, 32 responses were obtained from the sight translators who participated in the study. The aspect of the participants' experience, subject matter, and technical knowledge were surveyed. However, there are no statistical variations due to the differences in terms of gender. Moreover, there are no statistical discrepancies between participants due to

The analysis and discussion
(1) According to the table 2, the respondents were asked about the nature of sight interpreting and whether it is complicated due to the new vocabulary items in the source texts, primarily legal and medical ones. The majority of the participants (56.7) confirmed that they found it more complex than the other types because of the terms and lexicons, as shown by the mean (2.2) and SD (1.56), respectively. However, the rest of the respondents (21.6%) blamed the difficulty of sight interpreting on factors other than new vocabulary items. Thus, this constraint can be solved by familiarizing the participants with the best strategies to deal with the new vocabulary items.
(2) The respondents were asked to determine the skills required for the accuracy of sight interpreting and whether it requires a high level of accuracy. (56.7) of the participants decided that precision is necessary to perform accurate sight translation in various contexts. In contrast, (16.2 %) of the participants confirmed that sight interpreting in legal and judicial contexts does not necessitate high accuracy. The result of this statement was indicated by the means (2.1) and SD (1.5). Instead of accuracy, the participants may believe in conveying the gist of the message fluently. Thus, fluency matters before accuracy.
(3) The third statement was about the participant's personal experience about whether they conducted sight translation and practiced it in the context of the understudy. The table above revealed that more than half of the participants (56.7) favored certified interpreters who had the chance to practice sight interpreting in various settings. In contrast (24.3%) of the participants confirmed that they had not practiced sight interpreting outside the classroom. Another group of participants (5.4 %) was unsure whether the statement answered with "not sure of the answer." The mean of 2.5 and SD 1.5 revealed the result of interpreters' practice.
(4) The statement concerned the importance of fluency in sight interpreting. The participants (74.8%) showed that certified interpreters displayed fluency, which is the key to success in oral translation. The participants with a high level of fluency are expected to do better in interpretation. This majority believes in developing fluency through continuous practice. However, (8.1%) of participants were not sure if fluency positively or negatively impacted the quality of sight interpreting. Only a few participants (13.5%) denied the importance of fluency because they believe in accuracy rather than fluency. Therefore, accuracy has priority over fluency. The mean (1.9) and (1.4) SD confirmed that the level of fluency is significant and is regarded indispensable for oral translation.
(5) This statement determined if the certified interpreters had taken any particular courses on sight interpreting to improve their practical experience. According to the survey results, (62.2%) of the participants said certified interpreters had special classes in interpreting. In comparison (18.9%), the participants stated that certified interpreters did not take any sight interpreting courses other than the one they studied during the term. These courses were expected to be offered by many centers online and on campuses before the spread of Covid-19. However, (5.4%) of the respondents did not decide on this statement. The mean (1.9) and (1.2) SD, respectively, confirmed the participants had taken specialized courses besides the university ones in academic plans.
(6) The statement looked into the role of digital competence and communicative competence in assisting sight translators in studying and practicing sight interpreting. According to the survey results, (54%) of participants agreed on the importance of online and digital competence. The participants agreed that digital and communicative competence is needed to enhance the translators' competence. In contrast, (24.3%) of participants disagreed and denied the connection between digital competence for sight translation. The mean (2.03) and SD (1.6) respectively proved that digital competence is crucial in interpreting.
(7) The statement looked into the role of repertoire in improving interpreting skills. According to the respondents' feedback, (77.5 %) of participants favored the repertoire as an essential element in performing sight interpreting efficiently. This is true in medical and legal contexts. The Participants (13.5%) confirmed their disagreement with the statements. The mean (2.3) and SD (1.6) demonstrated the significance of r repertoire for sight interpreters.
(8) The respondents were asked about adopting Google Translate and other applications to translate effectively, and the sight interpreters confirmed that these applications help them interpret faster and easier. 67.6% of the participants favored the idea of the statement, while 16.2%)disagreed. The mean and SD were calculated to indicate the role of these applications. The mean (1.9) and SD were (1.3), respectively. This suggests that most of those who took part were sure about the statement, and applications support translators when encountering any lexical or semantic constraints. Those who disagreed with the statement believe that these apps may waste time and reduce the accuracy of the interpretation.
(9) Since the interpreter is expected to be familiar with knowledge and information about the sensitive field of translation, such as medicine and judicial, their common terminologies, the sight interpreters were asked about translating in one field and its role in promoting sight interpreting. 70.2% of the respondents were sure about this point of view and fully agreed with the statement, while 10.8 % of participants agreed with the viewpoint. However, 5.4. % of the participants indicated that they were unsure.
(10) The interpreter is challenged due to the direction of translation. Thus, the statement has been investigates translating from the mother tongue into the mother tongue. The sight interpreters were asked about the influence of direction on the quality of translation. (67.5%) The respondents were sure about this point of view and fully agreed that translating into the mother tongue is easier than translating into the mother tongue. However, 16.2 % of the participants disagreed with the viewpoint, while 2.7 % indicated that they were unsure.
(11) When the respondents were asked if they could adopt multiple interpreting oral translation strategies, the sight interpreters confirmed that varieties of the plan could facilitate the process of interpreting. 60.1% of the respondents all agreed with the statement, while 16.2% disagreed with this statement. The mean and SD were calculated to indicate the role of these applications. The mean (1.9) and SD were (1.3), respectively. This shows that most of the participants were positive about the statement. This is supported by the mean (20) and standard deviation (1.3).
(12) The statement looked into transposition, modulation, Literal translation, Lexical and syntactical Transcoding strategies. According to the survey results, 64.8% of the participants agreed on the importance of using appropriate methods. In contrast, 54.3% of the participants disagreed and denied the role of these strategies in sight translation. The mean (1.9) and SD (1.3) proved that certified interpreters familiar with translation strategies are crucial in interpretation. This is supported by the mean (1.9) and standard deviation (1.3).
(13) After completing the interpreting task, the respondents were polled to see how certified interpreters rated sight interpreting. The majority of respondents (59.4 %) agreed that certified interpreters evaluate their translation after completion, while 2.5 % were hesitant. Lastly, 24.3% of the participants disagreed. At this point, most participants agreed on the importance of assessing sight translation for interpreting accuracy. This is supported by the mean (1.9) and standard deviation (1.3).
(14) After completing the interpreting task, respondents were polled to determine whether certified interpreters preferred to record the sight interpreting practice. 62.1% of the respondents agreed that intralingual, extra-lingual, and anticipation could help sight translators get feedback from experts and correct their interpreting errors after they finished. In contrast, other participants (8.1%) were hesitant about recording. Furthermore, 16.2% of the participants disagreed with intralingual, extra-lingual, and anticipation. Most participants agreed that recoding sight translation is critical for interpreting fluency and accuracy. The mean (2.1) and standard deviation (1.5) confirm this.
Finally, the interpreters were asked how certified interpreters overcame challenges and constraints by utilizing specialized resources. The majority of respondents (55.7 %) agreed that technical resources are essential for sight interpreters because they equip them with the tools they need to deal with the complexities of specialized texts. However, a small number of participants (5.4) were skeptical of the importance of the resources, and 5.4 participants (24%) disagreed with the statement because they believe that sight interpretation is more dependent on background knowledge than the resources immediately used. Overall, almost everyone agreed that the resources were undoubtedly valuable. The mean (1.9) and SD (1.2) confirmed that. The current study examined the problem and attempted to find the best solutions for precise and fluent sight interpretation. It tried to maximize the role of certified interpreters who can designate the lexical, semantic and procedural, and strategic gaps in sight interpreting. Although this research area is feasible and has been developed by the researcher, it is also vital to mention the limitation and implicative suggestions of the current research. The interpretation can be investigated by utilizing artificial intelligence interpretation to bring insights into the future of medical and judicial interpretation. It is possible to extend the field of such future investigations in numerous ways.
Contemporary studies are expected to enrich the corpus of the study in the future as the access to interpretation improves quickly. However, prior studies have only been on the nature of the study. This is because when comparing language and literature, the discipline is considered relatively new. Kaindl (2020, p. 56) indicates that MIA interpretation studies are rare, even though they are deemed valid.

Concluding remarks
According to the findings, sight interpreting is more complex due to the new lexical items in the texts, which can be facilitated by expanding one's repertoire in both SL and TL. The study dealt with the role of the certified interpreters who can deal with constraints and challenges of sight interpreting and settle arguments over who is the best for sight interpreting; the proxies or the certified interpreters. The study results show that linguistic and strategic constraints are frequently encountered when interpreting English texts into Arabic in specialized oral translation contexts, such as judicial, medical, and health care interpreting, and can be solved by certified interpreters. However, proxies may be unable to deal with critical scenarios in medical and legal settings. The strategies of transposition, modulation, and lexical and syntactic transcription are among the best translation methods that certified interpreters can adequately employ. Sight interpreting requires digital and communicative skills. Therefore, Google Translation enables interpreters to work more expeditious and efficiently but at the expense of accuracy. The study recommends that sighted translators be performed by certified interpreters who have excellent performance, proficiency, and public oral skills to distribute fluent and precise content.
Furthermore, sight interpretation is complex and requires high accuracy. It can be gained through experience and oral translation of many articles in different fields. Therefore, proxies may not have the fluency and the precision required, which are developed through the perpetual practice of oral translation. The certified interpreters should provide one interpreting expert for evaluation. Conclusively, adopting apps such as google translate, i-translate, TripLingo, Microsoft Translator, Papago, Text Grabber enables certified interpreters to analyze more expeditiously. Taking courses in interpreting can help gain practical experience and practice customarily avails in developing fluency. In conclusion, certified interpreters are advised to be hired in medical and judicial interpreting, unlike proxies.

Funding
The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.