Understanding hedonic and utilitarian responses to product reviews on youtube and purchase intention

Abstract YouTube has become popular among consumers as an information preference in the decision-making process within the social commerce environment. YouTubers share experiences, information, opinions, and thoughts regarding products or services in product-review content, and consumers’ motivations (hedonic or utilitarian) in reacting to how the content affect their buying behavior. This study investigates hedonic and utilitarian consumer responses to YouTubers’ product reviews that lead to purchase intention. We employed a questionnaire data collection method targeted at consumers who buy products after watching product-review content on YouTube. We collected 384 valid responses and employed structural equation modeling to test the validity and research hypotheses. The results showed that (1) parasocial interaction significantly influences hedonic (transparency, perceived enjoyment) and utilitarian (credibility, informativeness) responses and purchase intention, while (2) hedonic (perceived transparency) and utilitarian (informativeness) responses were insignificant for purchase intention. In addition, hedonic (perceived enjoyment) and utilitarian (credibility) responses have significant effects on purchase intention. Thus, YouTubers’ product-review content on YouTube influences consumer behavior in both hedonic and utilitarian terms. While marketers implement marketing strategies to include products in YouTube content, YouTubers communicate products to consumers. Furthermore, the theoretical and practical contributions of this study are discussed.


PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
YouTube plays a decisive role in determining consumer behavior within the social media environment, allowing users to perform business and social interaction activities within the media. This study aims to provide comprehensive empirical evidence regarding the influence on consumer purchase behavior of product reviews by YouTubers. The study employed parasocial interaction theory to examine how the relationship between the audience and YouTubers affects hedonic and utilitarian responses, integrated into one framework, in relation to purchase intention. Hedonic consumers favored transparency and perceived enjoyment, whereas utilitarian consumers favored informativeness and credibility. These preferences led to different outcomes in response to YouTubers' product-review content on YouTube. A hedonic preference is more likely to convert perceived enjoyment into purchase intention; utilitarian consumers are more concerned with the credibility of the information.

Introduction
Marketers are benefiting from the current movement of social media, which function as a communication medium and as an extended channel for business activities that juxtapose companies and consumers (Zeng & Gerritsen, 2014). Through social media such as YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram, users are able to share reviews, opinions, and thoughts about products or services (Hazari et al., 2017) posted on their social media accounts (Heinonen, 2011;Killian & McManus, 2015). From a business perspective, social media have become a new channel for interacting with consumers in various ways, such as promotions (Leung et al., 2013) and releases of new products, because consumers consider social media to be a channel for information searches (Xiang & Gretzel, 2010) and decision making (Pop et al., 2021). Marketers can thus take advantage of social media figures (i.e., YouTubers and influencers) to communicate with consumers about their products in various ways, such as endorsements (Aw & Labrecque, 2020), promotions (M. T. Liu et al., 2019), and product reviews (Fitriani et al., 2020;Huang, 2015).
Today, one of the most popular social media is YouTube (Coates et al., 2020), a widespread and extensive video-sharing site (Schwemmer & Ziewiecki, 2018). As media figures, YouTubers generate various types of content to interact with their audience, such as video blogging (J. E. Lee & Watkins, 2016), live-streaming (Chen & Lin, 2018;Li et al., 2021), and product reviews (Bi et al., 2019). The advantage for a company of associating products with YouTube content is product communication through video-based social media. YouTubers attract an audience through interactivity, developing a sense of trust so that the audience comes to perceive YouTubers as reliable (De Jans et al., 2018;. Previous research has treated the relationship between media figures and their audience as an illusory face-to-face illusion relationship, referred to as parasocial interaction (Horton & Richard Wohl, 1956), which affects emotionality (Lim et al., 2020). Research into parasocial interaction has become very popular because of media influencers' role in marketing on social media (Aw & Labrecque, 2020;Schwemmer & Ziewiecki, 2018). Consequently, this study investigates the parasocial interaction between media figures on YouTube and the audience, in terms of the influence on the latter's buying behavior as a result of product reviews on YouTube.
The importance of media figures (i.e., YouTubers) in determining consumer behavior is has been recognized as an antecedent and investigated from a consumer behavior perspective. Numerous studies have investigated the role of social media figures using parasocial interaction theory. However, this study investigates consumer responses to product reviews by social media figures on YouTube. This is undoubtedly an antecedent that needs to be examined to understand consumer behavior in social commerce. In addition, investigating the behavioral domain (i.e., hedonic and utilitarian responses) will generate precise results on how marketers can interact with consumers through social media figures to increase sales.
The study investigates behaviors, particularly hedonic and utilitarian reactions (Aw & Labrecque, 2020;Ladhari et al., 2020), on purchase intention toward products or services reviewed by YouTubers (Fitriani et al., 2020). Product reviews on YouTube communicate products and services to consumers on the basis of the experience of the YouTubers (J. Kim et al., 2020). Audience members view the content on YouTube and use it either with a utilitarian or hedonic motivation, affecting their decision making. YouTubers describe the products to consumers and post productreview content on YouTube, inducing consumer awareness of the product, as well as attitudes and perceptions in relation to it (Fitriani et al., 2020). This study employed hedonic and utilitarian responses as domain behaviors appropriate to the essence of the objective to provide a more detailed description of the antecedents of consumer behavior related to YouTube product reviews.
The study provides theoretical and practical contributions to the relationship between parasocial interaction, hedonic and utilitarian behavior, and purchase intention in relation to products and services on YouTube. Furthermore, it contributes to parasocial interaction theory as applied to the YouTube environment and relates it to hedonic and utilitarian behavior and purchase intentions. Practically, it provides an overview of consumer behavior toward product-review content on social media. The study can also help marketers to develop marketing strategies for social media. In addition, the study provides a more practical explanation of purchasing behavior and of the antecedents to product reviews on social media.

Parasocial interaction, youtubers, and hedonic and utilitarian responses
Previous studies have defined parasocial interaction as an illusory face-to-face relationship between an audience and media actors, such as celebrities, artists, and presenters, the illusory nature of the relationship arising from the mediation of technologies such as TV, radio, and other communication media (Horton & Richard Wohl, 1956). The emergence of artificial intelligence-based technologies, such as virtual reality, social media (De Bérail et al., 2019), and video conferencing (Rihl & Wegener, 2019), facilitates illusory relationships with new kinds of media figures (Lombard & Ditton, 1997). De Bérail et al. (2019) identified YouTube as a social media platform conducive to parasocial interactions, creating an asymmetrical relationship between media users and media actors. As a social media platform, YouTube has many viewers and subscribers (Lombard & Ditton, 1997).
YouTube has become popular among its users as an entertainment medium (Boerman & Van Reijmersdal, 2020). Scholars have investigated YouTube as a social media platform dominated by those aged less than 20 years (Tolbert & Drogos, 2019). Following the theory of Horton and Richard Wohl (1956), YouTube facilitates parasocial interaction with the audience in the form of media figures such as YouTubers (Coates et al., 2020;Fägersten, 2017). YouTubers engage in informal communication with their audience and create the illusion of intimate interactions (Fägersten, 2017). YouTubers also take advantage of their role to broadcast information and engage in digital activities that enhance their popularity in the public sphere (Castillo-Abdul et al., 2020;Duffett et al., 2020). Researchers have also noted that YouTubers can influence the parasocial interaction and relationship with their viewers (Lim et al., 2020).
One category of YouTube videos on social media is the product review (Coates et al., 2020;Fitriani et al., 2020;Gerhards, 2019;Ladhari et al., 2020). By taking advantage of the popularity of YouTube media figures (Coates et al., 2020;Rasmussen, 2018;Rihl & Wegener, 2019), companies can use product reviews on YouTube to develop marketing strategies (Fitriani et al., 2020). Hence, YouTubers' product reviews use various methods to attract an audience's attention to a product. Viewers are interested in the product-review content and their liking of the YouTuber doing the review, among other factors (Ko & Wu, 2017). In marketing terms, YouTubers' reviews constitute word-of-mouth communication, using persuasive communication and straightforward language to convince the audience (Aleti et al., 2019;Dekavalla, 2020), enhancing the desirability of the products reviewed by the YouTubers for the audience. Through the bond between YouTubers and viewers on YouTube (Rihl & Wegener, 2019), parasocial interaction product-review content can influence consumers' purchase intentions (M. Lee & Lee, 2021). For YouTubers, product reviews are a way of increasing audience loyalty and creating sustainable, reciprocal relationships (i.e., through trustworthiness, attractiveness, and credibility; Ko & Wu, 2017). Entertainment, information, customization, and irritation are dimensions of YouTube advertising that affect consumers' purchase intentions (Dehghani et al., 2016). In addition, the quality, credibility, and quantity of online word-of-mouth (eWOM) can affect purchase intention (Erkan & Evans, 2016, 2018Kudeshia & Kumar, 2017). Furthermore, the quality of the information submitted by YouTubers is an essential determinant of purchase intention (Erkan & Evans, 2018;Tsao & Hsieh, 2015). Moreover, the trustworthiness and attractiveness of influencers affect the purchase intentions of the audience (Sokolova & Kefi, 2020). In making video reviews, advertised products or brands (Tsao & Hsieh, 2015) are taken into consideration because the brand effect positively affects customer purchase intentions (Lou & Yuan, 2019). Self-produced videos posted on major social media platforms such as YouTube have been investigated for the impact of prominence (how prominently a brand is used or mentioned), YouTube expertise, brand identification, and purchase intention (Verhellen et al., 2013).
Scholars have also investigated the effect of YouTubers' product-review content on purchase intention (Castillo-Abdul et al., 2020;Fitriani et al., 2020;De Jans & Hudders, 2020;Shan et al., 2020;Sokolova & Perez, 2021). As a digital technology medium, YouTube has facilitated parasocial interaction in which YouTubers can recommend products (Lou, 2021). As an element of parasocial interaction, the audience has an illusory face-to-face relationship in which with hedonic and utilitarian values are deployed (Fitriani et al., 2020). Consumers with hedonic values perceive product content reviews by YouTubers as transparent disclosures of product-related information and entertainment media (Fitriani et al., 2020;M. Kim et al., 2021;C. Liu et al., 2020;Roggeveen et al., 2015). On the other hand, utilitarian viewers value their visits to YouTuber reviews of product content for the informative media and credible information (Fitriani et al., 2020;Li & Mao, 2015). Thus, the purchase intention of audiences who watch product review activities on YouTube (Fitriani et al., 2020) can be enhanced (J. E. Lee & Watkins, 2016). Batra and Ahtola (1991) first distinguished between hedonic and utilitarian buying behaviors. Hedonic shopping behavior is founded on the pleasure of shopping, whereas utilitarian behavior values shopping for its functional attributes (Chernev, 2004;Stoel et al., 2004;To et al., 2007). Utilitarian behavior tends not to delay purchases and not switch to other products (Sloot et al., 2005), whereas hedonic behavior focuses on achieving satisfaction in shopping (Chu et al., 2015). The significant difference between hedonic and utilitarian shopping motivations lies in the different purposes behind their value-seeking (O'Brien, 2010) in the products to be purchased (Bridges & Florsheim, 2008;Chiu et al., 2014).

Hedonic and utilitarian behaviors and purchase intention
YouTube marketing is adequate if consumers have a positive attitude toward the activities on YouTube and its media figures (Smith et al., 2012;Yang et al., 2010). The benefits provided by YouTubers are the most dominant factor influencing young consumers' online purchase intentions through YouTube (Sin et al., 2012). YouTubers with expertise review products in their videos (Dehghani et al., 2016). Furthermore, consumers' purchase intentions are affected by the representative experiences and perceived risk communicated by YouTubers (M. Lee & Lee, 2021). Ease of access influences YouTube use, length of use, entry frequency, and the number of ads viewed, while age influences behavioral responses to watching YouTube (Duffett et al., 2020).
In online social media, consumers are motivated to pay attention to the products reviewed by media figures (Ladhari et al., 2020). According to Fitriani et al. (2020), hedonic audience behavior focuses on seeking information transparency and perceived enjoyment, whereas utilitarian behavior values informativeness and credibility. Companies take advantage of media figures to conduct product reviews and interact with consumers (O'Brien, 2010). Consumers with hedonic motivations are inclined toward media figures who are fun to watch (in terms of atmosphere, attractiveness, and product attributes; Fitriani et al., 2020). By contrast, utilitarian-motivated consumers look for the product values (i.e., product selection) reviewed by YouTubers (Schwemmer & Ziewiecki, 2018). Furthermore, the credibility of media figures can significantly influence hedonic shopping behavior. Hedonic and utilitarian consumer motivations to watch product reviews by YouTube media figures influence purchase intention, hence the following research hypotheses:

Measurement and questionnaire development
The questionnaire consisted of three major parts: respondents' demographics; respondents' perceptions of YouTubers' product reviews on social media (i.e., YouTube); and questionnaire items filled out by the respondents. The questionnaire items were designed for each variable by modifying previous research on parasocial interaction (De Bérail et al., 2019;Sakib et al., 2020;Sokolova & Kefi, 2020), hedonic and utilitarian motivation (Fitriani et al., 2020), and purchase intention (Sokolova & Kefi, 2020). Two items were used for parasocial interaction, eight items for hedonic motivations (i.e., perceived transparency, perceived enjoyment), nine items for utilitarian motivations (i.e., credibility, informativeness) items, and two items for purchase intention, making a total of 21 items.

Data collection and sample profile
This study used a quantitative research design to collect responses, using a probability sampling method. The sample was determined using convenience sampling, in which the respondents were requested to fill out the questionnaire at their own convenience. With the questionnaire being distributed randomly through online methods, we generated a sample of respondents who had experience of purchasing products as a result of product-review content on YouTube. Therefore, while employing the convenient sampling technique, we also restricted respondents who did not meet the qualifying criteria, eliminating their responses as invalid, before analyzing the valid responses. We distributed the questionnaires through various social media platforms, such as Gmail, Facebook, and WhatsApp, for self-administration. Initially, we received 419 responses, of which 384 responses were considered valid. The respondents comprised 270 females and 114 males. Of these, 341 were single, and 43 were married. In terms of education level, 210 had a bachelor's degree, 160 had a senior high school education or equivalent, 12 had a master's degree, and two had a PhD. The majority of respondents, 356, were aged 19-34 years, while 28 were above 35 years. In terms of occupation, 285 were undergraduate students, 50 were private employees, 23 were government employees, 7 worked for stateowned enterprises, and 13 were master's and doctoral students.
With regard to the characteristics of respondents' parasocial interaction with YouTubers posting product reviews, 173 respondents watched YouTube 2-5 times a day, 123 respondents watched it once a day, and 88 respondents watched it 6 to 10 times a day. With regard to time spent, 331 respondents spent 1-3 hours a day, and 53 respondents spent 4-7 hours a day. With regard to product category most viewed, 104 watched mostly education reviews, 58 watched mostly foods review, 52 watched mostly cosmetics reviews, 46 watched mostly tourism reviews, and 42 watched mostly games and toys reviews, with the remaining 63 respondents accounting for household goods, sports equipment, cell phones, and fashion. With regard to purchases, 365 respondents had made from 1 to 5 purchases based on YouTubers' recommendations, with the remaining 19 respondents making purchases 6-10 times (Table 1).

Data analysis
Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. The measurement model evaluated convergent validity using Composite Reliability (CR), factor loadings, Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and Cronbach's alpha. Discriminant validity was estimated using the Fornell-Larcker criterion (Fornell & Larcker, 1981) and the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio. In addition, hypothesis testing was performed on the structural model. We conducted data analysis using Smart-PLS 3.0.

Measurement model
The measurement model aimed to test reliability and internal consistency with CR ≥ 0.70 and Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.70. The results showed that the indicators for each construct had strong reliability and internal consistency, as shown in Table 2. Second, the measurement model tested for convergent and discriminant validity. The values of factor loadings ≥ 0.70, CR ≥ 0.70, and AVE ≥ 0.50 were used to evaluate the convergent validity of the study, as shown in Table 3.
Discriminant validity was assessed using the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the heterotraitmonotrait ratio. First, according to the Fornell-Larcker criterion, the square root value of the AVE should be greater than the correlation between each construct (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). According to the results, discriminant validity was well performed and satisfactory, with the value of the square root of AVE being greater than the correlation between constructs. Discriminant validity with the Fornell-Larcker criterion is shown in Table 3.
The HTMT is recognized as a new criterion for assessing discriminant validity, capable of effectively testing cross-loadings of constructs and high sensitivity (Henseler et al., 2015). The suggested value for testing HTMT is ≤ 0.85 (Henseler et al., 2015). As shown in Table 4, the results of the discriminant validity test with HTMT were satisfactory.

Structural model
A structural model was used to test the proposed conceptual framework's model fit and to assess the research hypothesis. The results of the model fit exhibited in figure 2 show that the value of SRMR = 0.035, d_ULS = 0.290, d_G = 0.418, x 2 = 1107.1, and NFI = 0.881; these are satisfactory according to the model fit suggested (Hair et al., 2017;Li-tze & Bentler, 1998). The study also assessed R-square for the explanatory power of the proposed research framework (Figure 1). Hedonic motivation (perceived transparency, R 2 = 0.259, and perceived enjoyment, R 2 = 0.283), utilitarian motivation (credibility, R 2 = 0.324, and informativeness, R 2 = 0.200), and purchase intention (R 2 = 0.560) were higher than the R 2 = 0.10 suggested by Falk and Miller (1992). Table 5 and Figure 2 show the scores for parasocial perceptions of transparency (T = 10.058; P = 0.000) and perceived enjoyment (T = 10.208; P = 0.000), indicating that both aspects of Hypothesis 1, concerning the impact of parasocial interaction on perceived transparency (H1a) and perceived enjoyment (H1b), are supported. Next, the results of parasocial interaction with credibility (T = 13.090; P = 0.000) and informativeness (T = 8.730; P = 0.000) indicate that both aspects of Hypothesis 2, concerning the impact of parasocial interaction on credibility (H2a) and informativeness (H2b), are supported. The results for parasocial interaction on purchase intention (T = 0.725; P = 0.469) indicate that Hypothesis 3, concerning the impact of parasocial interaction on purchase intention (H3), is supported. Furthermore, the scores for transparency (T = 0.725; P = 0.469) and perceived enjoyment (T = 1.991; P = 0.047) on purchase intention indicate that, with regard to Hypothesis 4, the impact of transparency on purchase intention (H4a) is not supported, whereas the impact of perceived enjoyment is (H4b). Lastly, the scores for credibility (T = 6.320; P = 0.000) and informativeness (T = 0.462; P = 0.644) on purchase intention indicate that Hypothesis 5 is supported in terms of the impact of credibility on purchase intention (H5a) but not for informativeness (H5b).

Discussion
This study aimed to investigate parasocial interaction, hedonic and utilitarian motivations, and purchase intention in relation to the parasocial relationship between YouTubers and their audience, specifically in the product-review content category. The audience was categorized as either hedonic or utilitarian in terms of responses to the content of product reviews by YouTubers (Jin & Ryu, 2020). The results showed a significant impact of parasocial interaction on hedonic and utilitarian motivations and purchase intention. However, hedonic (transparency) and utilitarian (informativeness) motivations did not significantly affect purchase intention, but hedonic (perceived enjoyment) and utilitarian (credibility) motivations did have a significant effect on purchase intention, as supported by previous research (Labrecque, 2014;Sokolova & Kefi, 2020;Xiang et al., 2016).
Hedonic motivations responded to product reviews in terms of perceived transparency and enjoyment (Fitriani et al., 2020;Tseng & Lee, 2018). Perceived transparency concerns the information about a product given in reviews posted on YouTube in video format. Thus, YouTubers are perceived as transparent on the basis of the information in their review videos. Their reviews will thus attract a hedonically motivated audience as long as they perceive the information as highly transparent. Another hedonic motivation studied was perceived enjoyment. For their product  reviews, YouTubers create videos that are highly attractive, using customized music (Cockrill, 2011), looking physically attractive, and displaying social presence (Shin et al., 2019;M. T. Liu et al., 2019), as well as using advanced video-editing features to create creative content. Thus, hedonically motivated consumers who watch YouTube videos of product reviews derive enjoyment from their viewing.
The study also considered the effect of parasocial interaction on utilitarian motivations for product reviews. In responding to product-review content on YouTube, utilitarian behavior focuses on the shopping goal task and the usefulness of what is conveyed by the YouTubers. The study examined utilitarian motivations in terms of credibility and informativeness. Informativeness refers to the extent to which consumers search for specific goals while watching videos, such as product information, authenticity, explanation clarity, product quality, and product functions, as well as how the product is used, as demonstrated by YouTubers. Credibility refers to perceived consumer trust in the information conveyed, confirmation bias, information bias, and reliance (Fitriani et al., 2020).
Parasocial interaction was confirmed to significantly influence purchase intention. Parasocial interaction is an illusory relationship that exists between an audience and YouTubers in which the latter attractively entertain the audience to develop emotional engagement. Thus, while watching reviews, consumers exhibit stickiness in their behavior and are pleased when emotional engagement is established. This study explored parasocial interaction in terms of the desire to visit videos and interact with YouTubers. The results obtained were also in line with previous research where parasocial interaction perceived by the audience led to purchase intention (Corrêa et al., 2020;Jin & Ryu, 2020;J. Kim et al., 2020).
Ultimately, hedonic (perceived enjoyment) and utilitarian (credibility) motivations arising during the parasocial interactions with YouTubers had a significant effect on purchase intention. Consumers who have perceived enjoyment of YouTuber videos and regard the information obtained as highly credible are influenced in their buying behavior. However, hedonic (perceived transparency) and utilitarian (informativeness) factors have non-significant influences on purchase intention. Thus, product content reviews by YouTubers have a greater impact when doing so in an enjoyable way and when conveying the truth about the product reviewed. Such behavior can significantly increase product purchases based on YouTube product review recommendations.

Theoretical and practical implications
We have highlighted that parasocial interaction, as perceived by hedonic and utilitarian consumers, influences buying behavior in the social media commerce environment. Since YouTubers reviews are posted online, the fact that hedonic and utilitarian motivations operate differently needs to be taken into consideration. Nonetheless, consumers' attention toward product-review content on YouTube should be considered by marketers as a strategy to increase purchases. Moreover, social media platforms have shown increased potential for social commerce, providing scope for marketers to insert their products into media figures' content on social media, with the aim of integrating them  into the parasocial interaction between audience and YouTubers to increase sales. This study provides a specific depiction of hedonic and utilitarian consumers to understand their buying behavior within social media as a practical contribution. Specifically, marketers can determine when to use social media influencers such as YouTubers in a marketing strategy to promote products requiring an emphasis on emotional engagement or accurate information about the product, given the significant results from this study for perceived enjoyment and credibility.
Furthermore, the practical contribution of product-review content is indispensable in determining consumer buying behavior. YouTubers' activities in generating product-review content affect hedonic and utilitarian consumers. Although several constructs did not significantly affect purchase intention, parasocial interaction with YouTubers significantly affected transparency, enjoyment, credibility, and informativeness. This shows that consumers who respond to reviews feel that the information conveyed is comprehensive and represents the truth about the product. Marketers can consider adopting products for review as communication channels and allowing YouTubers to share experiences with their followers about the company's products more effectively.   (Henseler et al., 2015).
The theoretical findings demonstrate the relationship between parasocial interaction and hedonic and utilitarian behavior on YouTube. Previous research on parasocial interaction pertains to the effect of parasocial interaction on purchase intention (Corrêa et al., 2020;Jin & Ryu, 2020;J. Kim et al., 2020;Sokolova & Kefi, 2020;Sokolova & Perez, 2021). In addition, while adopting hedonic (transparency and perceived enjoyment) and utilitarian (credibility and informativeness) motivations from previous research (Fitriani et al., 2020), the contribution of this research clearly emphasizes how hedonic and utilitarian motivations toward content review products affect purchase intentions, and thus the contribution of parasocial interactions in affecting purchase intention.

Limitations and directions for future research
This study provides an essential finding regarding the impact of parasocial interaction on purchase intention via hedonic and utilitarian motivations. YouTube is the central social media platform observed in this study; however, consumers may use several video-based social media platforms (such as Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok) to search for product reviews. Therefore, we acknowledge that this as a limitation of this study. For this reason, future research should conduct a study of parasocial interaction in product reviews while also considering social media behavior in terms of its functions. The reason for the focus on YouTube was to generate a brief conclusion for this investigation. In addition, the sample structure in this study was based on age, dominated by the age category of under 30 years. It did not precisely specify respondents' buying power. Future research including buying power could investigate the effect of perceived transparency and informativeness variables on purchase intention more accurately. Ultimately, the study also used a convenience sampling technique that did not generate specific observations. Hence, it is strongly suggested that future research use a purposive random sampling technique to produce a sample that provides more detailed information.

Funding
The authors received no direct funding for this research.