Factors Influencing Crisis Management: A systematic review and synthesis for future research

Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) of factors influencing crisis management (CM). The study attempts to assess the main areas that have been linked to and studied CM, and the research outlets that have been provided these research. The study adopts a qualitative approach and uses SLR method to collect relevant data. The study surveyed 223 studies from different research outlets, including the most reputed publishers; Emerald, Wiley, Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, and Inderscience. The extracted articles are categorized into 8 areas based on their effect on CM. The most important factors are communication and social media, which have 66 studies with 4039 citations, leadership which have 40 studies with 2315 citations, followed by knowledge, governance, information technology, strategic planning, and professional entities, which have 38, 24, 23, 16, and 16 manuscripts with 2109, 1738, 301, 548, and 160 citations, respectively. The current study provides an open insight for academicians and researchers on the main areas of CM investigated by prior studies. It provides a novel contribution and comprehensive understating through highlighting what has been done and what is left to be done in respect to crisis management.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Yahya Maresh H. Hazaa is a research scholar at the department of commerce (accounting), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India. He has authored and coauthored various national and international papers. He attended several international, national conferences and workshops. Email: ymhh2013@gmail.com Faozi A. Al Maqatari is an assistant professor, department of Accounting, Hodeidah University, Yemen. He has participated in several international, national conferences, and workshops. He has authored, coauthored, and reviewed various international and national papers in different esteemed journals from different publishers including: Wiley, Taylor & Francis, Emerald, and Inderscience. Email: fouzi_gazim2005@yahoo. com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5625-3643 Abdullah Al-Swidi is an associate professor of management in the department of management and marketing, Qatar University, His research work has been published in various international peer reviewed journals. In addition to his teaching and research-oriented activities, has been a professional trainer and business consultant for companies and programs in Qatar, Malaysia and Yemen. Email: swidi@qu.edu.qa

PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
Crisis management has been gaining momentum and considerable attention from regulators, , and academicians especially, in the recent time. Fast, positive, and effective response to the crisis can not only control the situation but also lead to increased market share, improved employee relations, and better public image (Kothai, 2002). This study is an endeavor to summarize what has been done and what is left to be done in the factors that influence crisis management? The current study introduces a clear picture of the status of crisis management that will inform research institutions and academicians to concentrate on unhighlighted research areas ignored by prior studies. This study warns regulators and policy makers to pay attention to the several factors that influence crisis management such as information technology, strategic planning, communication, social media, knowledge management, governance, leadership, and the role of professional entities.

Introduction
Different crises affect societies and take different forms; cyber-attacks, natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, etc. Other forms are also such as political and conflict crises such as the world war I & II and epidemic diseases, which is one of the latest crises that the world is witnessing during the current time represented by Covid-19. Further, the depression in 1929-1933and the financial crisis of 2007-2008 are some examples of economic and financial crises that affected the world. Accordingly, organizations confront a fast-changing environment with complex issues, difficulty in controlling the flow of messages, and managing various stakeholders (Strauβ & Jonkman, 2017). In this regard, Kothai (2002) state that every organization has to give due importance to the concept of crisis management (CM), training, planning, and communicating to survive and grow. Moreover, a fast, positive, and effective response to the crisis can not only control the situation but also lead to increased market share, improved employee relations, and better public image about the organization (Kothai, 2002). Then countries and institutions tried to manage their crises through containing and reducing their effects by using various factors such as information technology (IT), strategic planning (SP), communication (Comm.), social media (SM), knowledge management (KM), governance (Gov.), or leadership (Lead.), as well the role of professional entities (Prof.) on CM.
Several studies investigate different issues related to CM. These issues are spread over different areas, which made it difficult for practitioners and researchers to follow and learn lessons from prior experiences with regard to these crises. In spite of there are some past researchers have been studied crisis management with some factors as literature or systematic review such as (Alkandari & Al-Lozi, 2017;Apuke & Tunca, 2018;John-Eke & Eke, 2020;Nojoumi et al., 2015;Padhan & Prabheesh, 2019;Wybo et al., 2015), but all of them focused only on the area in which they study in, none of them tried to identify the factors as the study has done. Accordingly, the current study seeks to assess the state of the art of CM to have a glance and open an insight for professionals and academicians regarding what has been done and what is left to be done in CM. To do so, the study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR), which has been adopted by several researches (e.g., Azila-gbettor et al., 2018;Cucari, 2019;Nomran & Haron, 2020). Snyder (2019) states that SLR aims to identify state of the art in an area to answer a particular research question or hypothesis. Following these studies, the present study conducted SLR to investigate what are the main areas that have been linked and studied with CM? and what are the research outlets that have been provided these researches? We highlight how CM studies are fragmented across a range of disciplinary fields. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first comprehensive review of CM that offers a navigation window into the existing research related to CM. Our review offers multiple opportunities and benefits to researchers and practitioners by highlighting the focus of CM studies making a novel contribution to the strand literature of CM.
The present study is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the literature review. Section 3 provides the methodology of the study. Section 4 presents a discussion, and section 5 concludes. policy and characteristics of the leaders of organizations, so the discussion in the below section will be for that factors. That what we will study in the discussion and results section. Strijker et al. (2020) indicate that a quantitative research is the study "when a mathematical model or advanced statistics are at the methodological heart of it. It is classified as Qualitative when primarily qualitative methods are used. An article which uses a qualitative method supported by simple descriptive statistics, is classified as Qualitative". On this basis, the present study uses the qualitative approach where it utilizes a review of the research published in the area of crisis management. Accordingly, for conducting this type of research, the study could use different approaches such as systematic review, Semi-systematic, and Integrative approaches literature review. Ahmad and Omar (2016) state that systematic review differs from meta-analysis as it does not utilize econometric and statistical procedures for data synthesis and analysis. The present study uses a systematic review to investigate the factors that influence crisis management. Snyder (2019) advocates that that systematic review focuses on specific research question and evaluates quantitative articles for informing policy and practice. This study uses a systematic review of prior studies related to factors of IT, SP, Comm. & SM, KM, Gov., Lead. and Prof. which influencing CM. The systematic review approach is widely used by researchers (e.g., Petticrew & Roberts, 2006;Tranfield et al., 2003;Walker, 2010). Moreover, the study will follow the same steps that were done by (Walker, 2010) in which he studied five steps for the systematic review process; (1) keyword and term identification, (2) article identification, (3) quality assessment, (4) data extraction, (5) data synthesis (See Figure 1).

Keyword and term identification
At the initial stage, keyword and term identification are conducted to facilitate our extraction. This stage is based on key terms related to factors influencing CM surveyed from some studies. This stage also facilitates the next stage in which the articles are identified from different search engines. Then, the study was restricted to key terms only until articles related to key terms were reached, as an upper limit for the data published in databases. So Google Scholar was the platformer of database, as well as using the system of Harzing's Publish or Perish to find the articles alike. Figure 1. shows that this step is conducted using different search databases such as Google search, Harzing's Publish or Perish, and publishers' databases. Firstly, the Google Scholar database as a comprehensive research platform is used to identify the related articles to the research topic as well as to assess the quality of articles as it shows the citation for each article and reducing researchers' bias. (Walker, 2010). So, different Boolean search operators are used to facilitate the extraction of related articles to the research issues such as "AND, OR, "Truncation", Wildcards, Quotation marks, "adj", publication date, material type, and language. The results of this step yield 1838 research articles and some other documents related to the issue. These documents are found for a period from 1983 to 2020. Secondly, a search using Harzing's Publish or Perish database is conducted using different keywords and terms which results in 595 articles. Finally, reputed publishers' outlets such as Emerald, Wiley, Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, Inderscience, and some other databases are accessed separately to make sure that articles related to the topic in these databases are not left.

Quality assessment
This step is to ensure the quality assessment of the sampled articles by the present study. The result of the proceeding step yielded a large number of articles. However, in order to ensure that the study has included quality published articles and some other articles that have large number of citations, a quality assessment is conducted to include only the most relevant articles that are directly related to the factors influencing CM.

Data extraction
In this step, the number of articles included in the present study is finalized. The articles extracted from Google Scholar and Harzing's system are reduced. Further, after consideration of all articles in publishers' databases, it is noticed that there are some articles that are not published by reputed and Scopus publishers are found and have some citations. The study has included these articles except for any article that has less than 5 citations. Finally, the total number of articles included in the current study are 223 studies. Different tools have been used in data extraction. Google Scholar, Harzing's, Mendeley, publishers' outlets with reference to the proceeding steps of article identification and quality assessment have been used as tools to extract the materials published in the area of crisis management. On the other hand, content analysis, Microsoft Excel, SPSS23, and manual extraction were opted to extract the information required for the present study.

Data synthesis
In his narrative analysis of the factors influencing CM literature, the next section will discuss and summarized the results and findings reached by studies, as well as concluded and reached to answer the research questions and implications for future research.

Discussion and results
This section discusses the retrieved studies to meet the research questions of the study. It provides a discussion of different outlets that have been extracted from the sampled studies.

Publishers' outlets
The final sample and retrieved articles included by the current study comprises 111 articles from Google Scholar and 112 from Harzing, which also have been checked to make sure that all studies from reputed publishers; Emerald, Wiley, Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, Inderscience, and Allied are included. The extracted articles are categorized into 8 areas based on their effect on CM. (Table 1) shows that the most important factors are the Comm. & SM, which have 66 studies with 4039 citations, Lead. which has 40 articles with 2315 citations, followed by KM, Gov. IT, SP, andProf., which have 38, 24, 23, 16, 16 manuscripts, respectively, with 2109, 1738, 301, 548, and 160 citations, respectively. (Table 2) demonstrates studies by publishers. The results demonstrate the number of studies and the total number of citations for each publisher. The results also show the number of studies and citations based on each area. Overall, it is noteworthy to state that although Elsevier has 16

Total
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Citations
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Citations
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Citations
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Factors affecting CM
Based on the factors and areas that are extracted from the sampled studies, there are 8 factors and areas that have been linked with crisis management, which are illustrated in (Table 2) above.
Following is a discussion of the main findings of these studies.

Information technology (IT) and CM
The results in (Table 2) show that there are 23 studies with 301 citations that discuss the role of IT in CM during the period of 1993-2020. As shown in (Table 3), these studies concluded that there is a positive role of IT on CM. The Majority of the studies state that IT is an important factor for CM and even contributes to reducing crisis threats. Further, the institutions should adopt and implement appropriate, modern, and secure IT to obtain accurate, efficient, and timely information for decision-making.  14 Easton (2016) There is a positive impact on the shaping of the work undertaken, placing privacy at the heart of design and planning.
15 Al-Suqri et al. (2010) Unless information professionals play a more proactive role in making good economic and financial information readily accessible, the risk of recurrent economic crises will be increased. (Continued)

The role of strategic planning (SP) on CM
There are 16 studies related to SP and CM with 548 citations during the period of 1995-2020. It concluded that SP is depended on the desire of management, qualified managers, and employees. Moreover, taking the early warning system of crises, the behavior of macroeconomic indicators, as well as the culture of institutions to succeed in preparation, prevention, intervention, and overcome crises. However, because of the variability of crises and the limits of the capacity of statistical tools to derive information, it is hard to predict crises, unless being attention for SP and update SP continuously. Following is ( Table 4) that demonstrates studies related to factors of SP and CM:

The role of communications (Comm.) and social media (SM) on CM
There are 66 studies that discuss Comm. and social media (SM), which play a role on CM. 36 studies are for Comm. and 30 studies are for SM spanning over the period from 1983 to 2020 with 2366 and 1673 citations, respectively. Researches have demonstrated that mediated communication offers opportunities and challenges for institutions (Lipnack & Stamps, 1997). However, Ray (1999) argued that communication might reduce uncertainty, threat, and help to resolve a crisis. Moreover, it may contribute to rumors and confusion, which serving to

16
Comfort (1993) IT can reduce the incidence of death and injury from earthquakes and improve capacity and reduce seismic risk of organizations.
17 Jefferson (2006) The role of IT is not large in the development of new types of systems and technologies but in improving the current systems' robustness and interoperability.
18 Wojciechowicz et al. (2012) The challenges and opportunities of information and communication technology focus on a number of innovations that can be adopted in the area of CM

21
Coletta (2003) CM has its own dynamics apart from warfighting.
22 Mendonça and Bouwman (2011) Contributions to ICT research in crisis management therefore bear directly upon questions of how to analyze, design, and manage critical infrastructure systems.

23
Spraakman (2011) The professional management accounting associations placed little importance on the inclusion of IS/IT in management accounting curricula. Heath (1995) Strategic preparedness depends on the response of mangers to translate meta-strategic missions and objectives into realistic operational strategies.

1
2 Chong and Escarraz (1998) Managers who could not plan for the crisis will fail to recognize the threats.
3 Kash and Darling (1998) The art of SP and contingency forecasting, and getting the early warning were helpful for companies in their preparations for crisis events.
4 Pollard and Hotho (2006) Attention should be given to the roles and responses of media and agencies which acting on behalf of the company.

5
Jemović and Marinković (2019) Concluded that the system of deposit insurance is the most significant predictor factor of the crises in the better performing model. Then then international reserves, M2-to-international reserves ratio, M2 multiplier, bank deposits, and bank reserves ratio respectively.  Al-Marri (2014) There is ambiguity in the concept of SP among employees of banks. Despite respondents considered that SP is a very costly process.

9
Jaafar (2017) The lack of scientific qualifications and experienced staff in the field of strategic planning reduces the effectiveness of CM.

10
Darbonnens and Zurawska (2017) The behavioral factors insufficient to deal with the uncertainty that characterizes global business today where firms must be.

11
Padhan and Prabheesh (2019) The accurate measurement of a financial crisis, implementation of a fourth-generation crisis model, and the inclusion of contagion variables are affecting financial crisis 12 John-Eke and Eke (2020) SP enhances crisis management, and determine if the destruction will be a minor or major disaster. (Continued)

13
Christensen (2017) Industry drivers and performance indicators influence and improve competitive market advantage.
14 Al-Khrabsheh (2018) Strategic planning will enable institutions to evolve their own practice for ending crises or minimize their influences.

15
Norouzi and Farhadi (2017) Socio-economic vulnerability is higher during the crises, and the spatial-external vulnerability is less than medium. Therefore, revision strategy was determined as the appropriate strategy for planning.

16
Burns (2012) When crises occur, challenge goes beyond most emergency response plans previously deployed by automotive suppliers and their supply chain partners.  (2011) The tests of measurement, and possible to use the instrument period before, during, and after a crisis, should be offered.
8 Palttala and Vos (2012) The quality indicators by scorecard showed good potential and instrument was useful in setting standards for crisis communication.

19
Lewis (2016) PIOs will gain an invaluable public relations tool by which to address the media and public in crisis situations.

20
Lok and Powell (2000) Government's major error in Belgian crisis was that it did not promptly go public with the knowledge of the crisis, resulting in accusations of a self-serving coverup.
21 Bowman et al. (2007) Concluded that mobile communications and other systems are essential for organizing and executing emergency management and crisis response.

22
Coombs (2007) Confirmed that the public relations practitioners are an integral part of crisis management teams.
23 Seeck et al. (2008) Found that there were problems with all three phases of crisis management; crisis preparation, crisis response and post-crisis activities.   (2018) There is a significant effect of social media and its strengths and weaknesses in CM. 9 Alexander (2014) The widespread use of social media globally heralds a new age in which it is imperative that emergency managers adapt their working practices to the challenge and potential of this development.

25
Kotsiopoulos (2014) There is a role of social media during crises, due the conjunction and interaction among societal dynamics, officials and responders and public.
26 Wybo et al. (2015) There is ability to use social media during emergencies and crises in order to support fighting against cybercrime.

27
Apuke and Tunca (2018) Social media could be catalysed a crisis through rumors or just to show the fact.
28 Chaturvedi et al. (2015) Social media tools have the capability of diffusing the information more than perspective of the sources and the available functionalities. ) compound the crisis and prolong its resolution. Then, efficient communication is a major challenge for emergency responders during CM (Netten & van Someren, 2011). It is clear that Comm. & SM may reduce uncertainty, threat, and help to resolve a crisis, as well as contribute to rumors and confusion, which increase the influence of crisis. Following is (

The role of knowledge management (KM) on CM
There are 38 studies that discuss KM with its relation to CM, which has 2109 citations during the period from 2001 to 2020. The studies show that KM has a role in CM, which contributed to  12 Al-Qatawneh (2012) There is an impact of CM system on the organizational climate in Jordanian commercial banks, and the recovery and learning from crisis were affected more than preparedness and prevention for crises.

13
Ndlela (2012) The horizontal relationship between organizations is vital in CM at the local level.  design policies that lead to better CM, achieve goals, and become competitive. Further, considering the learning and experience which learning initiatives, sharing, facilitate knowledge acquisition, and institutionalization. In addition, the models proposed by some researchers illustrated how the KM might influence and contribute to CM. (Table 6) shows the findings of these studies.

The role of governance (Gov.) on CM
Different studies have been conducted in the area of corporate overnance (e.g., Almaqtari, Hashed et al., 2020;Al Maqtari et al., 2020) however, few studies the relationship between crisis management and corporate governance. Prior research shows that governance plays a crucial role in CM. Surveying prior studies in this respect, it is found that 24 studies discuss governance with its relation to CM with 1738 citations during the period of 2001-2020. (Table 7) illustrates these studies. The majority of the surveyed studies advocate the role of corporate governance in crisis management. Al-Kholy (2009) indicate that there is a need to apply governance, promoting transparency, responsibility, and promoting the integrity of financial markets.

The role of leadership (Lead.) on CM
This section discusses the role of leadership on CM. 40 research studies have been found during the period from 1986 to 2020 that outlines the relationship between leadership and CM with 2315 citations. The majority of the surveyed studies agree on the role of different leadership styles in

32
Jin and Hui-li (2009) Discussed the significance of flow management and risk under the impact of the financial crisis, as well as how enterprises timely adjust and improve the turnover management of knowledge-type staff.

33
Ningbo (2013) Proposed a knowledge management model with a knowledge base as the core and oriented to crisis early warning.

34
Fodor and Poór (2009) Comprehensive, strategic-level management of knowledge leads to faster growth and to recovery.

35
Ponis and Koronis (2012) Proposed methodological approach is applied in a knowledge-intensive Greek small and medium enterprise from the pharmaceutical industry.
36 Lennon and Maurer (2001) KM has a big role to play in crisis situations.
37 Pourbabaei et al. (2015) Creating and transferring knowledge play a significant role in CM.

38
Kamruzzaman (2020) Preparing for all threats is virtually impossible, but facing the challenge, should encourage organizations to participate in common platforms of knowledge by contributing best practice experiences and to share distributed knowledge for better crisis preparedness and responses. Omry (2017) There is a weakness of supervision accordingly, banking governance is necessary to avoid collapses and financial crises.

9
Al-Alwani (2019) There are obstacles limited the effectiveness of governance and its role in financial crises in banks.

10
Finell (2002) Restoring and rebuilding the rule of law, functioning judiciary and law enforcement structures, are essential for the future of a postconflict society.

11
Narayanan (2012) Addressed how China has taken a place of the processes driving global governance, tackling a host of trans-sovereign problems, and create a stable and responsive political order.

12
Larsson (2017) Meta-governance may be weak due to competing rationality and combining different types of governance (sovereignty, markets, or network management).
13 Omodan et al. (2018) Collaborative governance was moderate in CM, and there is a relationship between collaborative governance and CM.
(Continued) crisis management. Alkhawlani (2016) indicates that transformational, transactional, and charismatic leadership styles have a significant positive impact on CM. In the same context, Abu-Rumman (2016) states that the practice of transformational leadership affects preparedness for CM. Further, Hasan and Rjoub (2017) advocate that charismatic leadership was strict in recent decades and that the growth tactics of companies usually require modification during times of crisis. Following is (Table 8), which provides the results of these studies: 20 Das and Quintyn (2002) Regulators still have a long way to apply of practicing good governance.

21
Bonet and Donato (2011) Financial crisis could be a great opportunity for a structural change of the cultural sector in Europe.
22 Stanton (2012) Critical difference between successful and unsuccessful firms is a culture that encourages respectful challenge "constructive dialogue".

23
Faghfouri (2012) Non-family businesses are more likely to prepare for crisis when compared to family businesses.

24
Brown (2014) There are useful lessons to be drawn from international comparative experience that can benefit planning and response capabilities for crisis both within countries and internationally.  (2017) Charismatic leadership was strict in recent decades and that the growth tactics of companies usually require modification during times of crisis.

4
Hanslik (2018) There is a positive correlation between charismatic leadership traits and preferred leadership traits in CM. Fener and Cevik (2015) If the organization does not control or manage crisis, this will create chain crisis.
10 Pillai et al. (2015) There is a relationship between inner powers and innate values, and proactivity.

11
Suhimat (2017) Human capital management directly influences the efficiency of CM.

12
Porto Bellini et al. (2019) There is a negative influence of professional self-efficacy on job insecurity.

13
Smits and Ezzat Ally (2003) If behavioral readiness is absent the CM effectiveness is a matter of chance.
14 Fragouli and Ankunda (2016) There is a need to create effective efforts to avoid crisis situations.
15 Kryzysowym and Samorządowym (2018) The leadership requires constant development among managers/ heads of CM units. It requires also a change in the approach of CM staff training.

16
Wisittigars and Siengthai (2019) Among five competencies, emergency preparedness, crisis communication and emotional intelligence are the most important competencies. (Continued) No.

Studies Results
17 Savelides et al. (2015) CM practices are in place generally, even although they are not formally defined via legislation.

18
Coldwell (2017) Outlined a model of CM derived from recent case studies of best practice of leadership and how reduce financial losses for organizations.

19
Burckhardt (2012) There is a need to integrate both core and enabling technologies with a leadership approach in order to become competitive, as well continuous adjustment, development, integrating vision and objectives with organization's strategy and structure to avoid crisis, etc.

29
Bekdash (2019) Observed that behavior of leaders in the aviation sector make decisions at airliner out of MENA region. (Continued)

The role of professional entities (Prof.) on CM
There are many professional entities that provided guides and regulations to improve business and managed threats, risks, and crises. So, this section is limited to some professional entities such as the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC); the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB); Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO); Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,

30
Wooten and James (2008) Examined leadership competencies during each phases of a crisis building organizational capabilities through crisis management activities.

31
Farazmand (2009) Surprise management is the best approach to managing or coping with crises and crisis driven emergencies.

32
Hübner (2012) German crisis management with regards to the Eurozone is very much driven by ideas that preserve norms but do not live up to the challenges of the crisis.

33
Varma (2020) Actions taken as part of responsible leadership compass explained the variations in the share prices.

34
Kapucu and Ustun (2018) There is a positive impact of the core leadership competencies on the effectiveness of CM.   ) and some others. In this regard, there are 16 studies that discuss CM with respect to professional entities with 160 citations during the period of 2006-2020. (Table 9) demonstrates these studies. Concerning the country-level studies (Table 11) shows that 57 articles have been conducted in the USA (25.56%), followed by 27 studies that have been conducted in the UK (12.11%), and 11 studies are found in case of China (4.93%). Similarly, there are 10 studies in Jordan (4.48%), 9 studies in Algeria (4.04%), and 8 (3.59%) studies in Iran and Canada each. All other countries each have studies ranging between 5 and 1 study.

Conclusion
This study aimed to provide a comprehensive SLR about the factors influencing CM and the research outlets that have been provided for CM researches. The systematic review approach was followed to address the research questions outlined for the current study. To this end, five steps of the systematic review process were followed, which include: (1) keyword and term identification, (2) article identification, (3) quality assessment, (4) data extraction, (5) data synthesis. Key word and term identification were conducted to extract related articles from different databases. In this regard, Google Scholar and the system of Harzing's Publish or Perish were used to search the articles. To do so, different Boolean search operators were used to facilitate the extraction of related articles. Further, reputed publishers' outlets such as Emerald, Wiley, Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, SAGE, Inderscience, and some other databases are accessed separately to make sure that articles related to the topic in these databases are not left and also to ensure quality assessment of the sampled articles by the present study. Finally, the total number of articles included in the current study were 223 studies.

15
Peihani (2015) Investigated BCBS governance and policies in the context of the recent global financial crisis through the transparency.

16
Peihani (2014) There are inadequate disclosure on the BCBS's deliberations, inadequacy and dilution of the post-crisis regulatory reforms.          The extracted articles are categorized into 8 factors and areas based on their effect on CM; these factors are Comm., SM, Lead., KM, Gov., SP, IT, and Prof. The retrieved articles comprised 111 articles from Google Scholar and 112 from Harzing which also have been checked to make sure that all studies were from reputed publishers. The extracted articles were distributed among 8 important factors that affect CM; Comm. & SM, which have 66 studies with 4039 citations, Lead. which has 40 articles with 2315 citations, followed by KM, Gov. IT, SP andProf., which have 38, 24, 23, 16, 16 manuscripts, respectively, with 2109, 1738, 301, 548, and 160 citations, respectively. The majority of the studies conducted were observed in the case of the USA (57 studies; 25.56% with 6628 citations;59.13%) and UK & Europe (71 studies; 31.84% with 3645 citations; 32,52%). 57 articles that have been conducted in the USA, followed by 27 studies that have been conducted in the UK (12.11%), and 11 studies were found in the case of China (4.93%).
Despite of the existence of several studies that investigate different issues related to CM, the current study is the first comprehensive review of CM that offers a navigation window into the existing research related to CM. The current study offers multiple opportunities and implications to researchers and practitioners by highlighting the focus of CM studies making a novel contribution to the strand literature of CM. The present study highlighted the areas of crisis management studied by prior research. The findings of the study mag guide future researchers in this regard. However, the study is limited to SLR. Meta-analysis could be conducted; however, the fragmentation among the surveyed studies made it difficult to conduct meta-analysis research in this issue. Future research is recommended to bring more insights and focus into a different area that is related to CM such as big data, IT-related issues, IT governance, accounting information system AIS, internal control procedures of AIS, internal control by using COSO framework, and cybersecurity. Another possible stream for future research is focusing on the factors that affect CM in developing countries. Further, future research could conduct a systematic or semi systematic review taking into consideration the methodology used by the surveyed studies. Several factors that could be taken by future research such as; quantitative, qualitative, or mixed, the research instrument, the time period of secondary data, and the statistical tools used for estimating the results.

Funding
The authors received no direct funding for this research.