Climate change governance for urban resilience for Indonesia: A systematic literature review

Abstract Cities are faced with new and complex issues such as natural disasters, rapid population growth, and pollution. The era of smart and resilient cities in this century has brought a new type of governance that can explain the ambiguity of urban resilience and the necessary governance of climate change. This research focuses on the discussion of ideal and adaptive climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia. This study identifies, reviews, and determines each of the different discussions and literature regarding the extent to which the transition includes aspects of ideal and adaptive governance in Indonesia. To evaluate how urbanization considers the concept of ideal and adaptive governance, this research will also explore trends in adaptive governance that are developing in the world for urban resilience and explain the extent to which climate change governance for urban resilience has been carried out in Indonesia. This research provides guidance to the Indonesian government regarding implementation strategies for dealing with disaster risks due to climate change and offers insights into adaptive climate change governance for urban resilience.


Introduction
Currently, the impacts of climate change are felt equally in all regions, both at the urban and rural levels (Pörtner et al., 2022;Widianingsih et al., 2022). Shifts in the rainy season, dry season, increasing air temperature, rising sea levels, and high rainfall are symptoms of extreme weather due to climate change (You et al., 2022;Zittis et al., 2022). If an area's water capacity and carrying capacity are not optimal in dealing with extreme weather, it can lead to flooding in urban areas. Thus, regional planning that pays attention to the carrying capacity and water capacity of an urban area becomes very important in mitigating climate change (D. Boyd et al., 2022;Teixeira et al., 2022;You et al., 2022;Zittis et al., 2022).
The issue of climate change mitigation and adaptation positions urban areas as an important area in discussing sustainability issues in order to accelerate transformative change at the local level (D. Boyd et al., 2022;Teixeira et al., 2022). Climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts are encouraged to provide a means to translate long-term visions and socio-technical measures into concrete short-term actions and practices during the transition process towards urban sustainability (García Sánchez, 2022;Zeng et al., 2022;Sharifi & Yamagata, 2016). The urban climate resilience experiment takes place in a real context and is directly related to the life of a society that is complex, has plural backgrounds, and involves the multidimensional interests of many actors at various scales and bureaucracies, including the monitoring and evaluation process (Bulkeley et al., 2014;Cameron et al., 2013;Sompa et al., 2023). Transformative action at the city level is possible if the cities and countries involved are able to create a governance base that supports and enables the creation and implementation of partnerships to mobilize resources to support the implementation of ideas, programs, and actions for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in cities (Caiado et al., 2018;Riggio, 2002).
Various climate change mitigation and adaptation actions have been carried out by the government in order to manage climate change in Indonesia. These efforts are part of implementing Indonesia's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 by 29% through its own efforts and up to 41% if there are any international cooperation from conditions of inaction. These actions are recorded in the National Registry System (SRN) for Climate Change Control (SRN PPI). SRN PPI includes data collection of all climate change mitigation and adaptation actions and resources in various sectors which are carried out by various parties, providing a complete picture of the achievement of Indonesia's commitments. This is important, because the achievements of Indonesia's commitment will be accumulated with the achievements of other participating countries to get an overview of global achievements as part of the global stocktaking process (Handayani et al., 2021;Kementerian, 2021;Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2019;The Rockefeller Foundation, 2018).
It is necessary to continue to strengthen the aspects of climate change mitigation and adaptation in regional planning, considering that this is part of efforts to prevent disasters caused by climate change, especially in urban areas. According to Jarvie et al. (2015) Indonesia is experiencing the effects of climate change through sea level rise, bringing an ecological, social, and economic vulnerability to Indonesia's coastal areas. Cases such as in Jakarta, Indonesia have also been designated as a chronic flood area. As an area prone to disasters and climate change which affects tens of thousands of people every year, most of whom are in low-income neighborhoods in floodprone urban areas (Hajad et al., 2023;Padawangi & Douglass, 2015;Romero-Lankao & Dodman, 2011;Saraswat et al., 2016). Although there are also areas with regional planning best practices in Indonesia that include aspects of climate change governance such as Semarang and Jakarta, Indonesia (Handayani et al., 2021;Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2019;McIntyre-Mills et al., 2022;Widianingsih & Morrell, 2007).
The case for urban resilience in Indonesia is implemented through a city resilience strategy that can be seen through six strategic pillars: (1) Sustainable water and energy, in this strategy the City of Semarang, Indonesia will use water and energy in a sustainable manner to address the challenges of clean water shortages, decreased water quality, and the inoptimal distribution of electricity networks; (2) New economic opportunities, in this strategy the City will create a conducive climate that allows the emergence of new economic opportunities to reduce unemployment and prepare the city as a service and trade center; (3) Preparedness for disasters and disease outbreaks, in this strategy the City will increase the delivery of information and collaboration to deal with disasters and disease outbreaks; (4) Integrated mobility, in this strategy the City will improve connectivity and institutional capacity of transportation services to respond to mobility challenges related to congestion, low quality of transportation services, and low accessibility; (5) Transparency of information and governance, in this strategy the City increases transparency in governance to improve program quality and performance because currently the performance of the use of the development budget is still low and has an impact on inefficient public services; and (6) competitive HR (Human Resources), in this strategy the city supports its citizens to learn new skills and knowledge, in order to welcome the launch of the AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) and increase the capacity of the City's workforce. This also takes into account the qualifications of the workforce, which are currently still low. The implementation of this strategy has not been prepared thoroughly and has not yet been implemented in most regions in Indonesia (Ajibade & McBean, 2014;Congge & Gohwong, 2023;Handayani et al., 2021;Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2019;The Rockefeller Foundation, 2018;Bulkeley & Tuts, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary to understand how urban resilience is created in the face of threats and risks due to climate change through developing practical strategies and climate change governance models for urban resilience in Indonesia. This research begins by reviewing discussions/studies from various literature about the extent to which transition includes aspects of ideal and adaptive governance in Indonesia. At the same time, evaluate how the urban experiment considers the ideal and adaptive governance concept. This research will also explore trends in adaptive governance that are developing in the world for urban resilience and explain the extent to which climate change governance for urban resilience has been carried out in Indonesia. The contribution of this research provides insight into world climate change governance trends for urban resilience and tells the story of climate change governance implementation strategies being carried out in Indonesia.

Methods
This study uses a bibliometric analysis method with data sources from literature studies. The primary data used in this study is obtained from the Scopus database, then sources from the Google Scholar database are also added. The Scopus database was chosen by the authors because it has complete data and is also one of the databases with the highest rating in various scientific fields. It is also further expanded through various literature studies taken from Google Scholar Database sources to improve research accuracy and get the best conclusions. To produce relevant discussions and conclusions, the authors use the VOSiewer analysis tool version 1.6.17 as a data processing tool for data obtained through the Scopus Database and from the Google Scholar Database (Abdillah et al., 2022;Bano & Zowghi, 2015;Batini et al., 2009). Other analysis tools that were also used were the "analyze search results" on scopus.com.
The initial stage of our systematic literature review was to assess the relevance and quality of the selected studies. This phase consists of two main steps. First, for each of the 387 studies originating from the Scopus Database and 200 studies originating from the Google Scholar Database, we read the title and abstract to determine research relevance using the following three criteria: 1) Suitability with the research topic. 2) Connection with the research topic. 3) Research implications found or recommended.
At this stage, each abstract was checked independently by at least two authors. Minor differences of opinion were discussed and resolved in meetings where agreements were reached. According to the above criteria, 487 studies were deleted, and 100 studies remained. Second, the relevance and quality of the 100 studies were assessed by reading the full articles. Then 40 studies were feasibility-reviewed and independently assessed according to independent-dimensional quality criteria by at least two authors, originating from Batini et al. (2009) and Bano and Zowghi (2015), with several criteria in Figure 1: This led to the final selection of 20 research studies (there were 13 studies specifically discussing climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia) that directly address the question of implementing climate governance strategies for urban resilience in relation to urban resilience models in Indonesia (see Figure 2). In accordance with our inclusion and exclusion criteria, the limited number of studies remaining, despite our extensive search of the relevant literature, is a finding in itself. This small number highlights the dearth of research examining climate governance and the implementation of urban resilience strategies.
From 2012 to 2022, with a total of 587 studies originating from the Scopus Database and Google Scholar Database (13 documents focusing on climate change management for urban resilience in Indonesia and in this literature review study 20 documents were chosen), all search results data are stored in CSV (Excel) files, which is then processed and checked using the VOSiewer program version 1.6.17. VOSviewer is a tool for displaying and analyzing trends through bibliometric maps (Van Eck & Waltman, 2010). This program can display and describe bibliometric visual maps with unique data through identification and analysis. The types of analysis that can be visualized in VOSviewer, are as follows Figure 3: All data used in this study were taken from the Scopus database on 26 January 2023, and other data sources (Google Scholar) were taken on the same date. In exploring the Scopus Database, the search was conducted using two keywords: "Climate Change Governance", and "Urban Resilience", which were published from 2008-2022 in the Scopus Database. The search resulted in the discovery of 387 items related to the keywords "Climate Change Governance" and "Urban Resilience". Then we focused on the keywords "Climate Change Governance", and "Urban Resilience", and "Indonesia". As a result, there were 13 document items published in the last ten years (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022). In exploring the Google Scholar Database using Publish or Perish (PoP) version 7.33.3388.7819 with the keywords "Climate Change Governance", and "Urban Resilience", a total of 200 documents from 2010-2022 were found.
A bibliometric analysis approach is used to help provide a collection of data that can be utilized by policy-makers, academics, and other stakeholders to improve the quality of future research    (Bano & Zowghi, 2015;Batini et al., 2009;Hamidah et al., 2020;Da Silva et al., 2012;Spaans & Waterhout, 2017). The bibliometric method is also a comprehensive and reliable way of reviewing and evaluating scientific publications to understand the development of certain research topics Bano & Zowghi, 2015;Batini et al., 2009;Nafi'ah et al., 2021).

Mapping of research topics: An overview
A total of 587 documents accessed in January 2023 regarding research on climate change governance for urban resilience were mapped and analyzed following the trend of search results for research publication data on Scopus. Each data or item displayed is based on search results, filtered on the scopus.com site, then identified and analyzed using VOSviewer version 1.6.17. Data is visualized following the calculated weights and also looking at existing data trends. We also chose not to display data visualization on other items that are less relevant. Table 1 below shows the top 40 Documents by Source studying public governance and urban resilience to climate change. These data serve as a record for researchers in identifying each research publication item that aids in differentiating trends in the implementation of urban resilience governance strategies and perspectives on problems due to climate change, the risks, and mitigation efforts that have been carried out, which are as follows: The publication with the highest number of citations can be seen in the document "Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation" from Pelling (2010), then "Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action" from Kabisch et al. (2016), "Urban transitions: On urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems" from Ernstson et al. (2010), & "Resilience, ecology and adaptation in the experimental city" from J. P. Evans (2011), which is the document with the most citations in Scopus. Figure 4 shows that the trend of increasing the number of documents regarding the study of climate change governance for urban resilience in the world every year in Scopus. Starting from 2008 to 2022, which is experiencing an increasing trend in the number of studies. This trend is based on the results of search analysis on the Scopus website, it was found that the trend in the number of articles in the Scopus Database since 2008 has continued to increase even though the number of yearly increases is still dynamic. This increase is influenced by developing issues such as social and economic vulnerability due to climate change, natural disasters, floods, earthquakes, rising sea temperatures in coastal areas, and the lack of ideal concepts in strategies for implementing urban resilience due to natural disasters, or climate change. We also think there is the less comprehensive or complete response from global researchers does not fully cover countries in more disaster-prone regions. Figure 4 above shows the trend of "Documents by Source", which publishes various studies on climate change governance for urban resilience from 2008-2022. The publication trends have dynamically increased from 2008 to 2020 in the Scopus Database. It can be said that global researchers who are concerned about climate change governance for urban resilience are of concern to globally researchers every year. The need for an ideal strategy and model to address the problem of climate change for urban resilience is the reason this study was conducted, to obtain a suitable model and strategy for managing climate change for urban resilience, which is needed by cities, especially in Indonesia.     Spain with a total of 17 documents and 167 citations; and (10) South Africa with a total of 16 documents and a total of 1071 citations. This indicates that studies on climate change governance for urban resilience in disaster and climate change-prone countries are still lacking, such as in Indonesia. Therefore, this has an impact on the difficulty of developing implementation strategies and policies in dealing with conditions of vulnerability and adverse impacts due to climate change for disaster-prone countries, such as in Indonesia. Figure 6 above shows that there are several types of publication documents which have several documents related to climate change governance for urban resilience. The types of publication documents include Articles (245 documents), Book Chapters (63 documents), Reviews (34 documents), Conference Papers (25 documents), Books (11 documents), Notes (4 documents), Editorials (3), Conference Reviews (2 documents), Erratum (2), Data Paper (1), and Short Survey (1). The data shows that there are still various types of scientific publications on climate change governance for urban resilience according to the trend of scientific publications by global researchers published in various publishers. Even though previously the trend of research on this topic has continued to increase in the last 14 years, the quantity is still lacking. Therefore, there is still a lack of comprehensive insights explaining the complexity of urban problems and risks due to climate change, especially in vulnerable countries. We can see that there is still a lack of studies in various types of documents that are really referred to as strategic studies to deal with the risks of climate change impacts for urban resilience.  to 2022. Within the research issue, the fields of study such as Social Sciences are areas that are the most researched with 244 documents, the most from any field of study. Then there is the Environmental Science Subject Area which is one of the most popular fields of study which contains 224 studies and research on climate change governance for urban resilience. Although dominated by the fields of Social Sciences and Environmental Sciences, the data also shows that the study of climate change governance for urban resilience needs to be understood in various contexts by observing other fields of study. The complexity of problems in urban areas and the threat of climate change that has become a trend in the era of smart cities and resilient cities in the 21st century requires studying the perspectives of other fields to find the right ideas and foundations in formulating strategies to deal with this one problem. In the social field, many researchers initiated the idea of climate change adaptation and challenges to clean water, waste, air pollution, and technological dilemmas in urban areas. This tendency shows that researchers in fields of study such as Social Sciences need documents or results of research from other fields to develop ideas and analyzes to answer the complexity of problems in urban areas. It is hoped that this can provide insight into understanding disaster risk and climate change in urban areas and that appropriate and necessary action plans to deal with existing vulnerabilities in urban areas can be formed. C. with 3 documents and 54 citations. The number of documents means that there is a tendency for global researchers to focus on studying and researching climate change governance for urban resilience. The number of the author's CitaScore also shows the higher their influence on the topic of subsequent studies. A publication document that influences other published documents can be seen in the number of citations, the more citations of a document, the greater the influence on the research topic under subsequent study. The results of research studies on the issue of climate change governance for urban resilience above tend to show that the world is currently facing the risks of natural disasters and climate change, especially in urban areas. With issues such as human health, floods, energy, clean water problems, air pollution, waste, rising sea levels, rising sea temperatures, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and earthquakes, are bringing vulnerability to urban areas around the world. Therefore, the researchers offer certain efforts that need attention, such as: (1) the need for natural hazard, risk, and disaster assessments to be carried out; (2) the need for disaster risk reduction actions; and (3) the need for strategic steps regarding climate change risks, vulnerabilities, impacts, and adaptation (Ernstson et al., 2010;J. P. Evans, 2011;Guerry et al., 2015;Kabisch et al., 2016;Pelling, 2010;Whitmee et al., 2015;Brown et al., 2012;Frantzeskaki, 2019;Wamsler, 2015). This causes the need for urban resilience plans, implementation strategies, and actions for managing climate change for urban resilience to be carried out.

Mapping of research topics related to climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia
A total of 587 documents accessed in January 2023 concerning climate change governance for urban resilience, were then assessed, selected, and analyzed according to their relevance in this study. There were 40 documents that were mapped and analyzed according to research trends from publication search results in the Google Scholar and Scopus databases. These documents were further filtered to find the truly relevant documents. There were 13 documents originating from various subject areas and document types. Where each data or study is displayed, then identified and analyzed using the VOSviewer version 1.6.17. The data is visualized following the calculated weights and identified according to suitability in this study. We also chose not to display data visualization on other items that are less relevant. The issues faced by Indonesia are not much different from the global problems regarding climate change governance for urban resilience to achieve sustainability. The problem is vulnerability due to natural disasters and climate change which often occur in urban areas. This is a serious issue that is being pursued by the Indonesian government. Below we identify various studies concerning climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia. We have identified the focus of the studies as shown in Figure 9: The 13 research documents analyzed in VOSviewer in Figure 9 shows that the identification, selection, and assessment were relevant to this study. The 13 documents were retrieved through the Scopus Database and Google Scholar regarding climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia which is the main focus of this study. The results found that there were nine (9) clusters that became trending global research topics. The clusters can be used to see what had and had not been researched as well as to see the renewal of research on the topics in this study. In addition, it also serves as a basis for identifying complete problems and creating appropriate strategies to address climate change governance issues for urban resilience in Indonesia. The nine Figure 9. Analysis via VOSviewer (analyze type: cooccurrence (all keywords)). Source: Processed using VOSviewer, 2023.
clusters are divided as follows: First cluster (red), in this cluster research issues that are of serious concern are anthropocene, Asian studies, capacity building, climate, co-production, disaster justice, governance, local government, mainstreaming, policy, urban resilience, city sanitation, urban planning, and water management; The second cluster (green), in this cluster the research issues that are of serious concern are community resilience, human development, disaster planning, flood frequency, organization and management, risk management, risk reduction behavior, and urban population; The third cluster (blue), in this cluster the research issues that are of serious concern are community participation, flood control, Indonesia (Jakarta), land use change, neighborhood, political ecology, right to the city, social movements, urban area, urban floods, and urban development; Fourth cluster (yellow), in this cluster research issues that are of serious concern are Africa (West Africa), animal husbandry, aquaculture, climate change mitigation, Colombia, environmental impact, farming systems, food security, integrated approach, livestock farming, livestock production, and pollution; Fifth cluster (purple), in this cluster research issues that are of serious concern are Australia, built environment, conceptual framework for disaster management, disaster management, disaster mitigation, extreme events, hazard assessment, land use planning, legislation, natural disasters, risk reduction, and Thailand; The sixth cluster (light blue), in this cluster the research issues that are of serious concern are adaptive management, disaster risk reduction, hazard management, Hyogo framework for action, natural disaster, socioeconomic impact, and United Nations; The seventh cluster (orange), in this cluster the research issues that are of serious concern are climate change, flooding, polders, sea-level rise, subsidence, The Netherlands, and water as leverage; Cluster eight (brown), this cluster which is of serious concern is climate change adaptation, hybrid institutionalism, institutionalising adaptation, mainstreaming resilience, and urban resilience and adaptation; Cluster nine (Pink), this cluster focuses on government approaches, mitigation efforts, sea level change, and urban climate. Each cluster can serve as a reference for research issues which can become perspectives for building research that contributes practically and theoretically to future research. This research issue can also be used as research data to see global research trends regarding what has been, has not been, and can be studied further. Apart from that, you can also see how far the research trend regarding climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia is developing. Figure 10 above. The results of the visualization (Overlay Visualization) show that there are several trends in the latest research issues (shown in the image with the brightest color "yellow") from 2020 to the present which is a serious concern studied by global researchers regarding the case of climate change governance for urban Figure 10. Analyzed using VOSviewer (analysis type: cooccurrence (all keywords)). Source: Processed using VOSviewer, 2023. resilience in Indonesia. Some of the research issues are: (1) Capacity building for urban resilience (Djalante et al., 2012;Hegger et al., 2014;Jabeen et al., 2010;Pelling & Manuel-Navarrete, 2011); (2) Local government in managing climate change (Djalante, 2018;King et al., 2016;Lassa, 2019;McPhearson, 2015;McPhearson, 2016;Pörtner et al., 2022); (3) Urban planning in climate change governance for urban resilience (Friend et al., 2014;Boyd & Juhola, 2015;Evans et al., 2016;Lavell et al., 2012;Niemelä, 2014); (4) Sanitation in urban resilience (Dwirahmadi et al., 2019;Padawangi & Douglass, 2015); (5) Water management for urban resilience in facing urban climate change vulnerabilities (Dwirahmadi et al., 2019;Padawangi & Douglass, 2015;Richter, 2020;Koop & van Leeuwen, 2017;Romero Lankao, 2010); (6) Climate change mitigation in several countries such as Colombia, Africa and Indonesia (Douglass & Miller, 2018;Jarvie et al., 2015;Nugraha & Lassa, 2018;Sharifi, 2021); (7) studies on aquaculture in Indonesia (Oosting et al., 2021); (8) Food security and Pollution (Oosting et al., 2021), and (9) Livestock production and animal husbandry (Willetts et al., 2022;Gulsrud et al., 2018). From some of the issues that have been researched regarding climate change governance for urban resilience, it can be said that further research are still needed to support existing studies as well as understand the issue of vulnerability due to climate change in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to review other relevant topics to assist researchers in explaining issues of climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia.

The Indonesian story: Climate change & urban resilience
In order to understand climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia, the researchers explore and analyze various studies to understand the challenges and opportunities faced in Indonesia. Several relevant studies have been found to understand the weaknesses and threats in climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia as presented in Table 2: Table 2 above shows that only a few published research documents covering topics around climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia were assessed and selected based on suitability to the topic of this study. The research shows that there is still very little interest in studying these topics. Nonetheless, some research results obtained from the 13 documents above are deemed necessary to develop further research, and the research results are mapped as follows. Djalante et al. (2012) argue that the development of disaster resilience in Indonesia is largely driven by the existence of the necessary policies and regulatory frameworks and the participation of various non-governmental stakeholders. It was also found that there is a lack of capacity and capability for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) at the local level, a lack of systematic learning, and a strong commitment from the government to mainstream DRR in broader development in Indonesia. This will have an impact on the effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation activities (CCA). In the research conducted by Padawangi and Douglass (2015) and Dwirahmadi et al. (2019), it was stated that Indonesia (Jakarta) has become one of the countries in the world that has a high vulnerability to disasters and climate change such as floods. This has affected tens of thousands of people, most of whom are low-income residents living in flood-prone urban areas. The mega-urban status of Jakarta, Indonesia became the source of the floods that hit around 30 million people living there. This is due to the increasingly complex impacts of global climate change and urban landscapes in Indonesia. Although the government has sought resilience and improvement through increasing community resilience and risk management, by creating urban canals to reduce the impact of the floods that occurred in Jakarta, Indonesia. According to Friend et al. (2014) it was stated that urban resilience needs to emphasize mainstreaming climate change resilience into urban planning, while recognizing the frequent disconnect between planning and implementation, especially in ASEAN countries including Indonesia where governance practices are less transparent and lack technical capacity. In addition, in order to influence planning to prioritize climate vulnerability in urban areas related to natural disasters and climate change. According to King et al. (2016) they concluded that in Indonesia the land use planning system is still directed at promoting and facilitating development and has not been sufficiently developed to take into account disaster risk reduction (DRR) and Progress and challenges in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action The findings of this study indicate that the building disaster resilience in Indonesia has been, to a large extent, driven by the existence of the necessary regulatory policies and frameworks and the participation of various non-government stakeholders. Impediments to process include a lack of capacity and capability for DRR at the local government level, a lack of systematic learning and a lack of commitment from government to mainstream DRR into broader development agendas. Water, water everywhere: Toward participatory solutions to chronic urban flooding in Jakarta The findings of this study show the urgency of floods in Jakarta, Indonesia as problems to be solved is often interpreted as a need for immediate solutions related only to flood management, but community resilience is more crucially attained in non-emergency times by expanding rights to dwell in this city, build houses, and create vernacular communities, livelihoods, and social support networks.   Understanding the operational concept of a floodresilient urban community in Jakarta, Indonesia, from the perspectives of disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and development agencies

Natural
The findings of this study indicate that these groups share common views regarding the importance of human aspects being central to resilience-building efforts. We argue there is an urgent need to shift the flood resilience building paradigm towards building community resilience from the people and to apply a collaborative governance approach to facilitate effective partnerships between the actors involved. 10 Farmed animal production in tropical circular food systems The finding of this study shows it is concluded that farmed animals are important in circular food systems because of their use of land unsuited for crop production, their upgrading of crop residues, and their supply of manure to crop production. Nevertheless, the increasing demand for animal-sourced food (ASF) puts pressure on important characteristics of circularity, such as minimizing food-feed competition, maximization of use of waste streams in feed, the value of manure for fertilization, and also land-limited dairy production in Indonesia.
Food The finding of this study shows local government commitment and improved comprehension on the implications of climate change for sanitation service delivery were key outcomes arising from the coproduction process. With strengthened policy and capacity building initiatives from national level, this foundation can be supported, and Indonesian city governments will be equipped to move forward with adaptation actions that protect on-going access to sanitation services, public health and the environment. climate change. The implication is that land use planning frameworks for hazard resilient communities remain disconnected from emergency management and disaster risk reduction systems.
In another study, Djalante (2018) suggests that more funding and incentives are needed for collaboration in climate change governance and urban resilience actions in Indonesia. It is necessary to increase research and international publications regarding urban resilience which are still rarely carried out by Indonesian researchers; encourage multi-disciplinary collaboration; and strengthening science communication on social media and science policy advocacy in climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia. In the research of Douglass and Miller (2018) it was stated that Indonesia and several countries in the Southeast Asia region need to look at climate change governance for urban resilience by placing disaster justice as a governance issue thereby recognizing that disasters always occur in the political space, which requires a mode of preparedness, response, and a more equitable and inclusive disaster recovery for the underlying inequalities that contribute to exacerbated conditions of risk and precarity. According to Jarvie et al. (2015) it was stated that resilience building measures need to be handled as a long-term process based on alignment with government priorities and planning cycles. This has also been attempted in Indonesia although it still needs to be improved.
Further research conducted by Lassa (2019) stated that the importance of institutionalization in climate change governance is for urban resilience in Indonesia. Although it was found that the institutionalization of the adaptation and resilience agenda in Indonesia involves various forms of institutionalization and institutionalization over time. In the research conducted by Oosting et al. (2021) it was stated that urban resilience is created through food security/availability of sufficient food supply. In the research of Nugraha and Lassa (2018) it was stated that urban resilience in Indonesia facing the risks of climate change utilizes exogenous drivers as catalysts for urban adaptation planning, including conducting vulnerability assessments and city resilience strategies, implementing adaptation actions, and facilitating risk management. The success of this process is influenced by the mainstreaming of climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction by local actors in leading urban development and resilience. According to Richter (2020) the process of managing climate change in urban areas is referred to as "Polder". Polder is interpreted as the preferred term in Indonesia and in the Netherlands as a way to protect land from flooding. Because in Polder it combines infrastructure with governance and social resilience. According to Willetts et al. (2022) the Indonesian regional government is committed to promoting urban sanitation services for public health and the environment as an action for climate change adaptation in Indonesia.
From several of the research cases in Indonesia described above, the story of Indonesia in managing climate change for urban resilience has faced many risks and natural disasters due to climate change and at the same time has attempted many implementation strategies, preventive actions, and risk preparedness efforts towards natural disasters and climate change. Even though many of these studies have identified the problem of climate change vulnerability and suggested several implementation strategies to deal with it, none has really become the main reference in dealing with the complexity of urban vulnerability problems due to the impacts of climate change that have occurred to date. This is a note for Indonesian researchers to continue to increase research productivity and international research publications that are still lacking (see Figure 11). The goal is to find the right reference and implementation strategies to address climate change vulnerabilities and create urban resilience in Indonesia.
Based on the analysis and identification conducted by the researchers in the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study previously described, it can be said that the results of identifying climate change governance issues for urban defense found that Indonesia, according to Jarvie et al. (2015) experienced the impact of climate change with rising sea levels. Which brought ecological, social and economic vulnerability to Indonesia's coastal areas. Cases such as in Jakarta, Indonesia have also been designated as a chronic flood area as an area that is prone to disasters and climate change which every year affects tens of thousands of people, most of whom are crammed into low-income neighborhoods in flood-prone urban areas (Padawangi & Douglass, 2015). King et al. (2016) also stated that in Indonesia the land use planning system is still directed at promoting and facilitating development and has not been sufficiently reformed to take into account disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change. Even though certain efforts that have been attempted to address the problem of disasters and climate change in urban areas in Indonesia, according to Djalante (2018) more funding and incentives are needed for collaboration in climate change management actions and urban resilience in Indonesia. It is necessary to increase research and international publications regarding urban resilience which are still rarely carried out by Indonesian researchers. According to Oosting et al. (2021) urban resilience is created through food security/availability of sufficient food supply. Lassa (2019) stated that the institutionalization in climate change governance is important for urban resilience in Indonesia. So it is necessary to develop key insights (insight into challenges and opportunities) in dealing with these problems. Increase publications regarding climate change and urban resilience in Indonesia is needed. The insights from the research results into knowledge about the risks climate change and urban resilience to combat it.

Conclusion
Indonesia has been named one of the countries that are prone to disasters and the effects of climate change, this means that resilience and adaptation efforts have not been maximized both at the local and national levels. Although there are academic publications on hazards, risks, and natural disasters in Indonesia, their number is still lacking. The lack of research published in reputable international journals makes it difficult to evaluate the resilience of cities and the need for climate change risk management in Indonesia. In this Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the progress, main topics, and published authors are presented to see trends in the development of urban resilience research topics as well as to evaluate climate change governance in Indonesia as a form of support for developing models and strategies to address the vulnerability of urban areas in Indonesia. This SLR is important so that researchers can develop existing research, avoid bias, determine main research topics and further research needs, and strengthen research capacity in the future. The author conducted an SLR on publications indexed in the Scopus database and added publications from the Google Scholar database from 2008 to 2022 on topics related to climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia. However, the main findings of this study is that in Indonesia, there still needs to be further studies on climate change governance to develop urban resilience concepts and strategies, specifically with the topics of: (1) Improving immune capacity; (2) Local government in managing climate change; (3) Urban planning in climate change governance for city resilience; (4) Sanitation systems in urban resilience; (5) Water management for body's resilience to urban climate change vulnerabilities; (6) Comparison of climate change mitigation in several countries; (7) study of aquaculture in Indonesia; (8) Food Security and Pollution Issues, and (9) Livestock, marine cultivation and their production. The authors suggest future research focuses on the topic. It is necessary to assess the risks and vulnerabilities of hydrometeorological and geophysical hazards in locations such as Sulawesi, Maluku, and Nusa Tenggara. The same is true for assessing urban risks, economic, and social impacts of disasters and climate change especially where people are vulnerable. Risk management at the national, local, and community levels must be strengthened to increase urban and community resilience. Another finding in this study is the limited research written by Indonesian researchers regarding climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia. International/non-Indonesian authors dominate the literature, and only half of publications are co-authored by Indonesians. Based on this research, the authors advise Indonesian researchers to increase research productivity and publication with various cases in Indonesia to be written and published as reference material and evaluation notes on climate change governance for urban resilience in Indonesia. This may be due to limited experience in academic classrooms, power play among researchers, lack of research ability, weak English academic writing skills, and limited provisions in the higher education system. The authors recommend more funding and cooperative incentives to encourage increased publications for Indonesian researchers.