Geotourism, traditions and typical products of Avellino Province

ABSTRACT Geotourism is a form of nature-oriented tourism devoted to the knowledge and understanding of landscape forms and geological processes; flora and fauna and cultural, historical and human heritage. The great geological and morphological variability of Avellino Province, also called Irpinia, in southern Italy makes this province of particular interest for geotourists. Irpinia has a unique set of geosites, sites of cultural interest, archaeological sites and natural parks. Additionally, since ancient times, it has been a transit route between the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas and, as in all countries of the Mediterranean area, it was dominated by different races, peoples and cultures that contributed to developing its cultural identity and heritage, including its food and wine. Indeed, some Irpinian products were already known and commercialised in Roman times, including wine and olive oil. On this basis, we propose a map showing the characteristics of Avellino Province, including sites of geological, historical-archaeological and cultural value. The map will contribute to a better understanding of this province from a geotourism perspective and might guide tourists through knowledge of Irpinia.


Introduction
In the last 20 years the practice of geotourism, which is an emerging form of nature-oriented tourism (Hose, 2008), has been developing all over the world (Ólafsdóttir & Tverijonaite, 2018). According to Dowling (2013) and Vanneste and Vandeputte (2016), geotourism has a number of similarities with eco-or cultural tourism. Dowling andNewsome (2006, 2008) argued that the practice of geotourism consists of a journey through geological sites and landscapes that is devoted to the knowledge and understanding of their typical forms and processes, of flora and fauna and of human cultural and historical heritage. In this definition, Dowling andNewsome (2006, 2008) and Newsome et al. (2012) consider natural and anthropological assets as interacting elements, which variously combine in a geographic itinerary. Stueve et al. (2002) and Hose (2008) suggested that geotourism sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place, including its environment, culture, aesthetics and heritage, to sustain its residents. Museums, libraries, archival collections and artistic outputs, including social history and industrial archaeology, are also considered of interest for geotourism.
Geotourism has spread over the past two decades in many regions of the world (Ruban, 2015) like Europe (Poland and Italy), East Asia (China), the Middle East (Jordan) and South America (Brazil). In Italy, geotourism is commonly associated with multiple forms of sustainable tourism, such as trekking and religious hiking, cycle-tourism and horse touring. These new forms of tourism are mainly practiced by young people (∼40% middle and high school students), commonly involved in environmental education programmes and green vacations. Only a small fraction of adults (∼25%) practice trekking and hiking (Camerlenghi, 2006) in the context of cultural and anthropological guided excursions or participate in traditional events and enological and gastronomic festivals oriented to the knowledge of specific regional products. Recent data from the Italian National Institute of Statistics (i.e. ISTAT) confirm that these new tourism trends have progressively increased in recent years. Indeed, at the end of 2019, tourist counts in Italy included 131.4 million arrivals and 436.7 million attendees, for total growth of 2.6% and 1.8%, respectively, in comparison with the previous year (http:// www.istat.it, ISTAT 2020).
In the last decade, the diffusion of geotourism practices has consistently increased as a consequence of valuing the landscape and the architectural and monumental heritage of Italy, through national and international recognition practices 9 e.g. Borghi più belli d'Italia-Most Beautiful Villages in Italy; Bandiere Arancioni del Touring Club Italiano -Orange Flags of the Italian Touring Club; Borghi Autentici d'Italia -Authentic Villages of Italy; Fondo Ambiente Italiano (FAI) -The National Trust for Italy; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation sites]. In addition, a growing number of protected areas have been established across Italy with positive consequences for the local and national economy. Regional, provincial and local authorities have been working to promote the value of such activities through dedicated financial support.
In this context, Avellino Province in southern Italy, also called Irpinia, is an example of valuing cultural and territorial assets with geotourism (Russo & Sisto, 2012) to its outstanding archaeological, monumental and archival resources. The presence of a considerable number of protected natural areas, associated with limited urbanisation, make Avellino Province a typical rural landscape that fully represents the assets of the Apennine Mountains of southern Italy and their bio-and geodiversity (sensu Gray, 2004;geosites, sensu Reynard et al., 2014;geomorphosites, sensu Panizza, 2001).
In this context, the landscape is intended as a real and valuable resource to promote through natureoriented tourism (Gordon, 2018;Sisto et al., 2020). This requires further engagement by local authorities that should adopt specific measures to preserve their assets (concept of geoconservation sensu Gordon et al., 2018) and specific educational models (geoeducation sensu Panizza & Piacente, 2003;Allan, 2015;Bollati et al., 2015;Santangelo et al., 2015). Geodiversity promotes regional development, especially in cases of demographic and economic underdevelopment (Bujdosó et al., 2015). These conditions are common in southern Italy and in Avellino Province (i.e. Irpinia; Cresta & Greco, 2010;Di Lisio et al., 2016a). It is clear that knowledge of the value of this geological diversity and adoption of new forms of sustainable slow-tourism through the development of specific itineraries is of basic importance in this perspective.
On this basis, and to contribute to better understanding of this province from a geotourism point of view and guide tourists through its knowledge, a geotourism map of Avellino Province, known for its differentiated cultural and natural asset and for a multitude of high-quality products and colourful traditions, is here presented.

Study area
Avellino Province extends for 2805 km 2 across the southwestern sector of the Apennine mountains in southern Italy. The provinceincludes part of the Picentini Mountains in the south, with elevations up to 1900m above sea level (a.s.l.; e.g. Polveracchio Mt., Terminio Mt.). In this sector, the longest rivers in the province, the Calore and the Sabato, develop. The western sector of the province is characterised by the Avella-Partenio Mountains, with elevations up to 1600 m a.s.l that form the boundaries with Napoli and Caserta provinces to the west and north, respectively. The northern sector of the province, the so-called Alta Irpinia, has a mainly hilly morphology with isolated elevations of approximately 1000 m a.s.l. In this sector, the Ofanto is the main river. Mountainous areas (higher than 600 m a.s.l.) span 23% of the total province area, and hilly and flat lands extend for approximately 65% and 12%, respectively.
Avellino Province is equidistant between the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. Hosting the Apennine watershed line, the province is characterised by a variety of natural and geological environments. In general, the climate is a temperate Mediterranean type. It is strongly influenced by humid air masses of Tyrrhenian origin that produce orographic effects on the main reliefs. Winters are cool and rainy (max 160 mm precipitation) with temperatures that rarely drop below 0°C, except for the altimetric effect of mountains where the temperature drops to several degrees below zero and snowfalls are frequent (for details about local conditions see the inset climatic diagrams on sheet 1 of the Main Map. The summer is generally hot and dry with average temperatures around 25°C. Land use is quite variable over the province, with 63% of its surface characterised by agricultural use and 4.5% used as pasture. Forests cover 27% of the surface of Avellino Province while only 4.5% is urbanised (Corine Land Cover, 2018; Figure 1).
The town of Avellino with its 54,716 inhabitants is the most relevant urban centre of the province. Overall, Avellino Province has 418,306 inhabitants distributed in 118 municipalities, 17 of which have more than 5,000 inhabitants. The average population density is 149 people/km 2 . The scarce urbanisation and widespread hills make Avellino Province particularly suited to agricultural practice, with high-value production of typical products like wine and olive oil. The poorly developed rail network is somewhat compensated for by the A16 motorway (Napoli-Canosa; European Road E842) that passes through the province. The road network is well developed, with a number of segments connecting the town of Avellino with prominent towns in the surrounding provinces.

Data and methods
The 1:100,000 geotourism map of Avellino Province was made using data derived from a literature review (i.e. regional and national tourism and geology guides; Calcaterra et al., 2016;Corvino, 2004;Regione Campania, EPT Avellino 2015;GAL Irpinia, 2013;Italian Touring Club, 1999;Marano & Mazzei, 2015;Piedimonte, 2016;Rescio, 2017;Rumiz, 2016;Slow Food Italia, 2013) and available databases of regional   and national relevance (Table 1). Other elements like the geological framework (  materials 7), have been collected, organised in a dedicated database and used as relevant information for map production (sheets 1 and 2). The two 1:140,000 maps of supplemental features (Sheet 2), were produced using the same shaded relief base of the 1:100,000 Main Map (Sheet 1). The supplemental features maps report characteristic data derived from specific tourist guidebooks (http://www.incampania.com/;Gal Irpinia, 2013;Marano & Mazzei, 2015;Slow Food Italia, 2013) and from the Campania Regional database consisting of: a) food and wine production information, and b) festival and popular tradition information obtained from the guidebook Avellino e la sua provincia (Avellino and its province), produced by Regione Campania and several interviews with elderly people.
The 1:400,000 supplemental maps also show the extent of the most important wine-growing terroirs in Avellino Province, as listed in the national database (https://www.politicheagricole.it) of the Ministry for Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies.

The geotourism map of Avellino Province
The Main Map (Sheet 1) reports all relevant features and elements of geotouristic value surveyed in Avellino Province. They include the geological framework of the territory, sites of geological and geomorphological relevance, natural and protected areas, historic and cultural sites, places of worships and archaeological sites, etc. Other elements of interest for tourism like roads, motorways, etc. are also reported. All these features are depicted on a shaded-relief base map.
Four geological complexes have been identified: 1) the post-orogenic complex G 1 , 2) the late synorogenic complex G 2 , 3) the siliceous orogenic complex G 3 , and 4) the carbonate orogenic complex G 4 . Descriptions of the main features of the geologic complexes, as well as their principal outcrops, are reported in Table 2. Sites of geologic, palaeontologic and geomorphologic interest such as the Campo Maggiore endorheic basin located within the Avella-Partenio Mountains, the Bolle della Malvizza hydrothermal field in the Miscano river basin and the Acquaserta waterfall in Quadrelle are depicted in the Main Map (Figure 2 a, b and c). Major landslides like that of Montaguto (e. g. Guerriero et al., 2013;Guerriero et al., 2014;Pinto et al., 2016)  The province of Avellino, like the surrounding ones, has been hit over the centuries by numerous destructive earthquakes (1456, 1688, 1702, 1930, 1962 and 1980) that caused serious loss of life in local communities and significant material damage to buildings, infrastructure and monuments. The earthquakes on 23 July 1930 and 23 November 1980 (Magnitude 6.6 and 6.9, respectively; X degree on the Mercalli Scale) had their epicentres in central-western Irpinia (see Main Map sheet 1) and were the most disastrous in the recent history of this province. The signatures of such catastrophic events, related to earthquake effects, are evidenced by reconstructions, relocations and sudden or progressive abandonments of ancient historical centres. It is still possible to find so-called ghost towns or sleeping beauties (Mocciola, 2014 andArminio, 2003, Supplementary materials 7). The most characteristic of these ancient and abandoned villages are reported on the Main Map (Sheet 1).
Beautiful villages of national relevance such as Monteverde and Summonte, as well as major shrines and relevant places of worship like Goleto Abbey (Figure 3d) are reported in the map and described in Supplementary materials 7.
Inset map 1 (Sheet 2) reports both certified and notcertified typical products of Avellino Province, providing information about locations and zones of production. Montella chestnuts, the coppery onions of Montoro and San Marzano tomatoes are example of typical certified products from Avellino Province. Additional examples are shown in Figure 4. Inset map 2 (Sheet 2) reports the extent of terroir for grapes used in the most famous wine production of the province such as Greco di Tufo, Taurasi and Fiano.
To enrich the cultural content and provide further information of interest to tourists, that can also represent an element of geotourism, inset map 3 (Sheet 2) reports major events like patron saint festivals, culinary festivals, sacred representations, etc. The carnival of Montemarano, the Zeza of Mercogliano, the Cavalcata di St. Anna of San Mango sul Calore and Il Giglio of Flumeri are examples of such festivals and traditions ( Figure 5).

Conclusions
The Main Map provides an overview of the distribution of touristic features over a simplified geologic base-map, shown as three maps in two separated sheets. Sites of geological and geomorphological relevance, sites of cultural interest, beautiful villages, shrines, places of worship, archaeological sites and natural parks are presented in a simplified manner to make the map readily suitable for geotourists. Inset maps provide an overview of high-value typical food products that can be tasted in specific places in the province, terroir of high-quality wines and seasonal festivals and traditions.
In conclusion, with this approach we think we have created a geotourism map that is an important tool for conservation and enhancement of the heritage and other numerous tourist resources of Avellino Province.