Dynamics of an arbitrary order model of toxoplasmosis ailment in human and cat inhabitants

In this article, a non-integer nonlinear mathematical model for toxoplasmosis disease in human and cat population is proposed and studied. The basic concepts of the model's dynamic are given. The study of qualitative dynamics is done by the basic threshold parameter . Local and global stabilities are done and the system's disease free equilibrium point is an attractor when . Besides of it, endemic equilibrium point is an attractor when . The sensitivity analysis of shows which parameter has positive/negative impact on the model. Numerical simulation of the model for the parameters occurred in threshold parameter is also discussed. The techniques of Adams Bashforth Moulton will be considered to justify all the derived theoretical results which will help in understanding to study the effect of various parameters to both the transient and steady-state dynamics of the disease infection.


Introduction
The type of prevalent parasite that can be found in domestic animals and wild is called Protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It is generally occurring in cats and humans [1]. Humans are infected by cats, when cats got infected. Toxoplasma can cast 20 million oocytes in cats in the time duration between 4 and 13 days [2]. The cause of transmission of T. gondii is tachyzoites that can pass to the fetus through the placenta. Transmission can take place when bradyzoite infected tissue is ingested by an animal through scavenging. It is reported by Pet Food Institute that in Washington the cats already be more than dogs in the USA, with 70 million, in Spain with 5 million felines and 10% of households in Colombia have a feline as pet. The cause of the transmission of the disease of toxoplasmosis is cat. Moreover, oral via can acquire Toxoplasma gondii which is the main route of infection in most of the countries [3]. The ranges of this disease vary from 12% to 60% in animals. Similarly, it varies from 26 % to 78 % in in pigs. These sorts represent the variability in different countries, such as Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina. The other causes of transmission of Toxoplasma infection is the ingestion of tissue cysts in meat or ingestion of oocysts in cat feces [4][5][6]. In human's population, this disease spreads more rapidly. Hence, based on all the aforesaid realities is essential to make replicas to learn and avert toxoplasmosis ailment. The dynamical behaviour of the disease of toxoplasmosis disease in the feline and human populations can be understood by using mathematical modelling given ahead. The concept of fractional calculus (FC) is and its use in different field of science and engineering is much interesting to researchers [7,8]. Generally, most of the real-world problems can better be studied by the system of fractional differential equations, such as solid, semi-infinite lossy (RC) transmission line, dielectric polarization, viscoelasticity, coloured noise, diffusion of heat into semi-infinite, electrode-electrolyte polarization, boundary layer effects in ducts, electromagnetic waves and so on. This is why the researcher is taking interest into fractional order models. Similarity in the field of science such as bioengineering, control system, signal processing, physics, robotics, chaos theory, physiology biology [8]. These models have high degree of accuracy for converting integer order model into fractional order model. In general, such conversion of models is called a fractionalorder model (FOM) which is very significant to study the exact properties of real-time behaviour. Recently, in the various fields of engineering and non-engineering, fractional calculus has progressed very much and becomes attractive for the mathematical models because it gives the most accurate representation of real-world problems. Many biological phenomena can be accurately represented by fractional differential equations such as HIV-1, COVID-19 and toxoplasmosis ailment structure. Lately, Zafar et al. wrote many papers on fractional order epidemic models [9][10][11][12][13][14]. In [7], the technique of Adams Bashforth-Moulton technique is considered to find out the numerical solution of the fractional order Bovine Babesiosis disease and tick population [7]. Later on, they have employed three different non-integer order techniques for solving the HIV/AIDS epidemic non-integer order model [12]. Moreover, the dengue fractional order model is also solved numerically with the help of three different techniques of fractional order [8].
There are many other articles on toxoplasmosis [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The authors of [23] have used Sumudu decomposition method to solve the fractional order nonlinear Klein Gordon equations and discussed the stability analysis and the authors of [24] have used a technique via spectral method to solve the fraction order partial differential equations. The authors of [25] and [26] have used Laplace Adomian decomposition method to solve the reaction diffusion equations and fuzzy integral equations, whereas the authors of [27] have used the Haar Wavelet method to study the Pantograph Differential Equations with variable order. Many physical phenomena such as chemical and biological phenomena have been modelled through diffusion equations [28]. Also you can see integer and fractional models in [29][30][31][32][33][34]. Lie-theoretic approach was used to obtain the exact solution of an infection model [35], which improve both types of solutions. Analytical as well as numerical solutions. The author of [36] studied the solution of the SIS epidemic model by considering the Lie Algebra approach. Porous medium properties with several sources and boundary conditions have been discussed in [28]. Moreover, an adaptive, implicit Runge-Kutta finite element method was considered to study the Keller-Segel system [37]. The aims and objective of this research work are to focus on practically useful method to investigate numerically the dynamic of the toxoplasmosis in the population of human and cats, with the non-integer Adams Bashforth Moulton method. The rest of paper is organized into five sections. In the coming section, the symbolizations associated to the notion of NODEs in section are discussed. The study of the noninteger order paradigm associated with the analysis of toxoplasmosis ailment specimen, qualitative dynamics of the considered structure are determined via threshold parameter, offer a complete study of the global attracter of toxoplasmosis free equilibrium (TFE) point and the local asymptotical stability of the toxoplasmosis persistent equilibrium (TPE) point in Section 3. Numeric simulations are presented to confirm the core consequences in Section 4, and in the last section is the conclusion which concludes our work.

Preliminaries
This section is devoted to the numerous definitions related to fractional calculus [38,39]. Definition 2.1: Letting γ ≥ 0 with γ ∈ R the Riemann-Liouville (RL) fractional integral of a function p, v > 0 is defined as where p ∈ L 1 (R + ), and gamma function is (.).

Definition 2.2:
The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative (RLD) for fractional order γ of function p is given below where D m = d m dv m .

Definition 2.3:
The Caputo non-integer derivative of order γ > 1 is given below where M > γ , ∀M ∈ Z + and D M = d M dv M .

Definition 2.5:
The following equation represents the Laplace transform (LT) of the CFD: Definition 2.6: Mittag-Leffler (ML) function with two parameters can be represented as follows: which is a bounded power series with s ∈ C and α > 0, β > 0.
The LT of the functions is defined by Let α, β > 0 and z ∈ C, and the ML functions gratify the equality set by Theorem 4.2: holds, where Q and v represent the Hölder exponents. Contemplatean arbitrary order system: with the preliminary condition

Proof: Consider
Here η is constant, and which is an compact interval, it can be concluded from Lemma 3 (see [39]), that for any σ > 0, there is ρ > 0 such that η < ρ, then there exists g(H, η), which is an unique elucidation, defined on H ∈ [0, H 1 ], and the following inequality holds: where the component maximum absolute value can be defined as . M := max{|.|, . . . , |.|}, the maximal absolute value of the components. It will be shown that . One can get, using (Theorem 2, see [39]), Moreover, it will be proven that . Also, if it was not true, then there would be time e ∈ [0, H 1 ] and for at least , and using (14), we obtain Thus it is concluded that it holds for all H ≥ 0. Because if it was not true, then, let j < ∞ be the first time the inequality will be useless, and > 0. Using the concept of continuity, we have, Letting: F → R m , Q ∈ R m ,we study the subsequent structure of fractional order: Theorem 2.2. [40,41] The stability points of system (16) will be asymptotically stable if eigenvalues λ i of the matrix J, considered in the stability points, mollify | arg(λ i )| > ζ π 2 .
In particular cases, we may mention to the papers of [42][43][44][45][46] as some recent works on the stability and asymptotic stability of solutions of fractional and fractal equations.

Mathematical model
Here, the fractional order model of toxoplasmosis infection is formulated by considering [29,30].
In this model, we used the hypothesis that all the parameters are non-negative numbers. We consider this model as depicted in [31,32]: System (17) can be normalized by scaling as given below: Using Equation (18) in the system (17), we have the following normalized form: We supposed that and Thus, using (20) and (21) in Equation (19), we can obtain the equation as given below:

Non-integer order paradigm
Currently, a significant attention in the NOC has been published, which permits us to study integration and differentiation of any arbitrary order. Significantly, this is as of the practices of the NOC to problems in various parts of investigation. Now we define the new system of NODEs to toxoplasmosis ailment in human and cat populations, and in this system X is 0< X < 1: with X 1 (0) = 0.5253, Y 1 (0) = 0.45,and X 2 (0) = 0.45. If X = 1, then the structure will be the nonlinear ODEs as offered in [31,32]. Throughout this paper, we are considering the commensurate model. In other words, all the values of the fractional order are the same for the whole system. The topic of stability of the non-integer order system is the expanse where the structure eigenvalues λ i of the auxiliary equation attained from the matrix of Jacobian of system (23) at a specific stability point fulfils that | arg(λ i )| > X π 2 , i = 1, 2, 3. The possible consistency defined by with preliminary conditions X 1 (0) > 0, Y 1 (0) > 0 and X 2 (0) > 0 is positively invariant.
Proof: At this point, we will verify Theorem 3. It is obvious that Therefore, one can conclude that the proposed model is positively invariant. So the proof is completed.

Stability analysis
This section is devoted to study the stability of the equilibrium points, for this the Jacobian matrix is calculated by considering equation (23): To find the threshold parameter, the second and fifth equations of system (19) will be used. So . o the dominant eigenvalue is β c μ c p c . Hence, the threshold parameter is R 0 = β c μ c p c [32].

TFE point
Theorem 3.1. The TFE of the fractional order system (23) is locally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1 with | arg(λ i )| > X π 2 for the eigenvalues and unstable for R 0 > 1.

Proof:
To prove the required result for the system (23), we take the Jacobian of the system at TFE point as: The eigenvalues are calculated using Det(λ − J(F 0 )), that is where p 1 = μ c p c − β h + γ and p 2 = γ (μ c p c − β h ). From (25) it is very much clear that the first eigenvalue λ 1 = −(μ h + β h ) with | arg(λ i )| > X π 2 , which is a necessary condition for X ∈ (0, 1) π 2 . The other two eigenvalues can be obtained from the characteristic equation λ 2 + p 1 λ + p 2 = 0. According to the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, p 1 > 0 and p 2 > 0 have negative real parts. For p 1 > 0, we have μ c p c − β h + γ > 0 or in other words μ c p c + γ > β h and for p 2 > 0 we can So we conclude that if μ c p c + γ > β c and μ c p c > β c , we can have p 1 > 0 and p 2 > 0. Thus all the eigenvalues fulfill the Matignon [40] necessary condition. So, TFE is locally asymptotically stable for the system (23).

Theorem 3.3. The system
Proof: To prove the required result for the system (23), we take the Jacobian of the system at TPE point given below: where The eigenvalues of (28) are calculated using Det(λ − J(F * )) = 0, that is, It gives that an eigenvalue is λ 1 = A 3 = −μ c p c − β c + 2β c R 0 and the two more eigenvalues can be attained from the following characteristic equation: with Clearly, we have k 2 > 0. because all the parameters are positive and R 0 > 1 implies that (1 − 1 R 0 ) > 0. So, Hence, TPE is locally asymptotically stable for the system (20).
Lemma 3.1. [49]: Let x(t) ∈ R + be a derivable and continuous function. Then, for any time t ≥ t 0 .

Theorem 3.4. The point TPE point F * is stable globally if
Proof: To verify it, let us take the following Lyapunov function Z : Γ → R + defined by (31) The following equation is obtained by taking the derivative of (31) Since X 2 ≤ 1, from (32) it follows that D X Z(τ ) ≤ 0. Therefore, by using Lyapunov Lasalle theorem, F * is globally stable.

R 0 -sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis helps us to see fluctuation in the variates when increasing or decreasing certain parameters occurring in R 0 . Here the analysis is used and its fundamental properties are explained. Definition 3.1: [50] R 0 is the normalized forward sensitivity index that depends differentiability on a parameter ϕ, which can be defined as follows: To find the solution of sensitivity indices, three different techniques (i) Considering the linearization system (22) (ii) Using Latin hypercube method (iii) Direct differentiation method and then solving the set of algebraic equations which are linear. Here we have used category. These indices help us to know that which indices influence positively or negatively which help in developing control policies. Since Table 1 shows that the impact of parameter β c on R 0 is positive, which tells that the decay or growth of this parameter, say 10% will decrease or increase the reproduction number by 10%. However in contrast, the index S μ c and S p c represent that R 0 is decreased by 10% by decreasing their values by 10%. The following table shows the sensitivity of parameters involved in the derivation of the reproductive number, given in Figures  2-4.

Numeric imitations
In this section, we discuss diverse possible scenario to study the outcomes that some of the values of noninteger order X have on the stability of the toxoplasmosis disease in the population of human and cats. To check the dynamical consistency between the numerical and theoretical simulation of our proposed model, two different types of scenarios are calculated. The following Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the system. The two cases are disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. These first one is stable if when R 0 < 1 and the other one is stable if R 0 > 1. Moreover, simulation is considered by taking into account the vertical transmission parameter p c . This numerical simulation helps to study the effects of this parameter in the transmission dynamics toxoplasmosis disease of the population of the human and cat population. The graphical      [35] interpretation has been established via results of the system (23). At this point, consider Adams Bashforth Moulton (PECE) technique using Matlab software.
To study the effects of X on the dynamics of the system (23), several numerical simulations have been performed by changing the values of the parameters. It is assumed a value for the parameter β c such that R 0 < 1. It is shown in Figure 5 which is also expected from the theoretical consequences, the proposed system reaches to the TFE point. It is assumed a value for the parameter β c such that R 0 > 1. Also, one can see that Figure 9 and as expected from the theoretical results, the system approaches to the endemic equilibrium point. Additionally, when R 0 = 1, it can be observed in Figure 13 and simulations verify the theoretical outcomes. Figures 5-8 display that susceptible humans and susceptible cats have lower values and infected humans have higher values from the true equilibrium points. Figures 9-12 show that susceptible humans and susceptible cats have higher values and infected humans have lower values from the true equilibrium points as fractional order X goes down. Figure 5 shows that when the fractional index X = 1, the population of susceptible human and susceptible cat approaches to unity whereas the infected human approaches to zero, which verifies the theoretical results. Figures 6-8 show that susceptible human goes down to 0.73, 0.59, 0.21 whereas the infected human population increases to 0.27, 0.59 and 0.79. However, the populations of susceptible cat have minor decrease. Figure 9 shows that when the fractional index X = 1, the population of susceptible human and susceptible cat approaches to 0.02 whereas the infected human approaches to 0.98, which verifies the theoretical results. Figure 10-12 shows that susceptible human and cat remain same as for X = 1 whereas the infected human population is 0.98. Figure  13 shows that when the fractional index X = 1, the population of susceptible human and susceptible cat varies and infected human approaches whereas the infected human approaches to 0.98, which verifies the theoretical results. Figures 13-16 show that susceptible humans and susceptible cats have lower values and infected humans have higher values from the true equilibrium points as fractional order X goes down.

Adams Bashforth Moulton algorithm
Here, we consider [51,52] to study the system (23) for numerical simulation for different values of the order of the non-integer derivative, X ∈ (0, 1].

Discussion and conclusion
In this article, we offer a nonlinear model to investigate the dynamics of non-integer order toxoplasmosis ailment in human and cat populations. The effects of the disease of toxoplasmosis on the population of human by taking the population of the cats as a transmission vector are considered. The system under observed consists of the modelling of the interaction between the susceptible and infective individuals of the two variates. It is assumed that the horizontal transmission of the disease to humans happens only through the contact with infected cats and vertical transmission in both populations of cats and humans. Further, it was assumed that the populations of cats and human are constant. It is also notable that the reproduction number R 0 has the direct relationship to the probability of effective infectious which occurs due to the contact among the cats and does not depend on direct or indirect effective infectious contacts among humans and cats. Local and global stability of TFE and TPE points are debated. Adequate settings for steadiness of TFE point F * are set in terms of the threshold parameter R 0 of the model, where it is asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1. The ailment persistent equilibrium point F * exists when R 0 > 1 and adequate settings that promise the asymptotic stability of this point are given. Moreover, sensitivity enquiry of the parameters convoluted in threshold parameter ( R 0 ) are debated. Furthermore, the significance of feline's vertical transmission to the dynamics of the contagion is investigated through numeric imitations. When simulating the model with the specified algorithm, we have perceived that the method is congregating to ailment free and ailment persistent equilibrium points but through diverse trails for different values of fractional index X which are much closed at equilibrium points. The values are very close to each other to true equilibrium points. The fundamental objective of scrutinizing, such technique for toxoplasmosis disease model, is to support the scholars and policymakers in focusing on, treatment and prevention and resources for maximum greatest adequacy. At X = 1, the system behaves like the ordinary system as considered in [31,32] with comparable outcomes. In future research work, the authors will study the Lie algebra method [35,36] which is unique in its own kind and powerful tool, to find out the solution of different epidemic models which has sufficient symmetries.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).