A novel model to analyze Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid flow in a permeable medium with Entropy generation analysis

A novel mathematical model is envisaged to scrutinize the Darcy Forchheimer 3D Powell Eyring nanofluid flow in a porous medium. Flow is taken under the influence of zero mass flux and convective boundary conditions at the surface and a chemical reaction in the mass equation. The heat transfer flow is scrutinized with non-linear thermal radiation. Entropy generation analysis of the envisioned model is also conducted. The Homotopy Analysis method to yield the series solutions for the envisioned model. The graphs are plotted to witness the characteristics of several parameters versus velocity, heat, and mass distributions and are well cogitated accordingly. The findings show that the velocity is decreasing the function of Darcy-Forchheimer number. Further, the Biot number large values boost the fluid temperature. The outcomes obtained in the analysis are substantiated when compared with a published result in the literature. An outstanding matching is achieved in this regard.


Introduction
Nanofluids, an emerging field of engineering has attracted researchers' attention, who are looking at ways to enhance the competence of cooling processes in the industry. This amalgamated fluid is unique and is developed by inserting nanoparticles into the customary fluid. By doing so, the thermal conductivity of the conventional fluid is enhanced and the reason behind this fact is that the thermal conductivity of solid metals particles is higher in comparison to the base fluids. This verity was firstly revealed by Choi and Eastman [1] in 1995 who presented the idea that thermal conductivity is improved substantially once metallic nanosized ( < 100 nm) are amalgamated into the base fluid. This initiative has benefitted numerous engineering applications like transportation, chilling of microelectronic gadgets, and food processing processes [2,3]. The exceptional characteristics of nanoparticles including small volume fraction and minuscule size make them especially suitable for the formulation of nanofluids. The flow of nanofluids with impacts of magnetohydrodynamics possesses numerous stimulating industryoriented applications like optical switches and fibre, cancer therapy, and drug delivery, etc. A good number of studies are conducted in recent years to highlight the numerous features of nanofluid flows with magnetohydrodynamics [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The material with stomata is termed as a porous medium and is customarily filled by some liquid. A good number of applications including oil production, water flow in reservoirs and catalytic vessels, etc. can be quoted in this regard. The idea of the flow of a liquid past a permeable media was coined by a French, Henry Darcy [16], in 1856. But this notion couldn't be so popular owing to its limitations of smaller porosity and low velocity. Subsequently, Philippes Forchheimer [17] modified the momentum equation with the addition of the quadratic velocity term to address the obvious deficiency. This term was later named by Muskat [18] as the "Forchheimer term". Pal and Mondal [19] deliberated the Darcy-Forchheimer model through porous media over a linearly extended surface and concluded that the concentration of the fluid deteriorates for the strong electric field. Ganesh et al. [20] pondered the flow of a hydromagnetic nanofluid past a Darcy-Forchheimer porous media with the impact of secondorder boundary condition, numerically. Alshomrani et al. [21] discussed the 3D Darcy-Forchheimer model with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions and carbon nanotubes. The flow of the viscous nano liquid in a Darcy-Forchheimer medium past a curved surface is researched by Saif et al. [22]. Seth et al. [23] scrutinized numerically nanofluid flow with carbon nanotubes dispersion past a permeable Darcy-Forchheimer medium in a rotating frame. Recent explorations highlighting the Darcy-Forchheimer effect may be found at [24][25][26][27][28] and many therein.
The impact of non-Newtonian fluids in the industry is more dominating in contrast to Newtonian fluids owing to their utility in varied applications [29][30][31]. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids may comprise coal water, paints, asphalt, toothpaste, shampoo, and jellies, etc. [32]. Numerous non-Newtonian fluid models are anticipated to meet day to day requirements. The equations symbolizing these models are relatively more complex than Newtonian models. Amongst these Powell-Eyring fluid model is deemed to be more effective because of its vast usage in chemical processes. This fluid model is not extracted by any empirical relation but by the kinetic theory of liquids. Nevertheless, at low/high shear stress, it behaves like viscous fluid [33]. Moreover, the Powell Eyring model is deemed accurate and trustworthy in assessing the fluid time scale at varied polymer concentrations [34]. The flow of Powell Eyring nanofluid flow past a stretched surface is investigated by Eldabe et al. [35] with a remark that the velocity of the liquid is obstructed by strong Eyring Powell parameter. Gholinia et al. [36] studied the Eyring Powell nanofluid flow with homogenous-heterogeneous reactions and slip conditions over a rotating disk. Upadhya et al. [37] investigated Eyring Powell nanofluid flow containing Ferrous oxide and aluminum oxide nanoparticles with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux. Some more topical investigations featuring Eyring Powell fluid flow may be found at [38][39][40].
The term Entropy is scientifically termed as the disorder or chaos of some system and the surroundings. Examples may include the transfer of molecules, kinetic energy, and spinning motion, etc. In all these, wastage of useful energy occurs that is not completely utilized for effective work. That is why Entropy analysis is vital in all industries to gauge which procedural system is more energy-efficient. For the designing of heat transfer systems, the knowledge of the second law of thermodynamics is fundamental. The first law of thermodynamics helps to gather the quantitative info of the system energy. However, the second law is employed to measure the entropy generation [41]. Mahian et al. [42] discussed the entropy of the system by setting different conditions amid two vertical cylinders in the existence of MHD. Recently, Reddy et al. [43] examined the entropy generation for Casson fluid (MHD) flow with radiative heat flux. It is comprehended that the Bejan number and entropy generation parameter both increase with the rise in the values of the Casson parameter and an inverse behaviour is seen for the radiation parameter. Additionally, studies about entropy generation analysis over a stretching cylinder are given in [44][45][46].
From the above-mentioned deliberations, it is comprehended that nanofluids are essential in manufacturing high-quality gadgets keeping in view economic efficacy. Furthermore, it is understood from the above discussion that the presented mathematical model is inimitable, and no such exploration is undertaken in the literature before. Thus, the prime goal of the study is to examine 3D Powell Eyring nanofluid flow past a nonlinear extended surface in a Darcy-Forchheimer spongy media with entropy generation analysis. Moreover, the novelty of the presented problem is enhanced by the addition of a chemical reaction, non-linear thermal radiation, and zero mass flux condition at the boundary of the surface. None of the above-quoted and even existing literature has simultaneously analysed such effects. The solution to the modelled problem is acquired by employing the Homotopy Analysis method [47,48]. The outcomes of the envisioned model are displayed through graphs and Tables well supported by logical discussions.
The exploration is arranged as the next section is about the modelling of the envisaged mathematical model. Sections 3 and 4 are about the solution to the problem by HAM and its convergence analysis respectively. The Entropy analysis is done in Section 5. Section 6 depicts the obtained results with the respective discussion. The last section is all about the closing remarks comprising the salient outcomes of the envisioned model. The Appendix section is added at the end to facilitate the reader to comprehend the mathematical calculations.

Mathematical modelling
Consider an Eyring-Powell nanofluid 3D flow over a surface which is extended in a nonlinear manner in a Darcy-Forchheimer permeable medium with entropy generation analysis. The zero-mass flux and convective boundary conditions are taken at the surface with combined impacts of a chemical reaction and nonlinear radiative heat flux. The surface is stretched nonlinearly along xand y-directions with velocities [u w = a(x + y) n ] and [v w = b(x + y) n ] respectively. However, the direction of the third axis (z-axis) is along the normal direction with a, n, b > 0. Figure 1 depicts the envisioned mathematical model. The Cauchy stress tensor T for the Eyring-Powel fluid is depicted as: where τ ij represents the extra stress tensor [60]: with and using boundary layer concept; for Eyring-Powell nanofluid 3D flow, the governing 3D equations are written as: with associated boundary conditions: Here,

. (11)
Using the following transformations: The continuity Equation (5) is satisfied (i.e. mass is conserved), while Equations (6)-(10) take the form: 1 + Rd with Distinct parameters defined above are given by: The local Nusselt number (Nu x ) is formulated as: Through the transformations defined in Equation (12), the local Nusselt number in nondimensional form is appended below: whence Re x = u w (x+y) ν , characterizes local Reynolds number.

Solution by HAM
In 1992, Liao [49] anticipated the Homotopy analysis method. This technique is used for the formation of a series solution for a system of highly non-linear equations. Suitable preliminary estimates with related linear operators are defined as: The aforementioned linear operators abide by the following characteristics: (21) where B k (k = 1 to 10), characterize the arbitrary constants.

Convergence analysis
The auxiliary parameters f , g , θ and φ play a decisive role to determine the convergence of the Homotopy series solutions. The -curves are given in Figure 2. The permissible ranges of parameters Table 1 is formed to see that the 25th approximation is enough for convergence purposes. It is comprehended that both graphical and numeric results are in total alignment.

Entropy generation analysis
The entropy volumetric equation for the Powell Eyring nanofluid flow is depicted by: The Equation (24) contains the below-mentioned effects: • Diffusive irreversibility (DI) • Fluid friction irreversibility (FFI) • Conduction effect or heat transfer irreversibility (HTI) • And the entropy generation characteristic is expressed as: The entropy generation number N s is labelled by: (26) Employing Equation (12), the entropy generation is simplified as: Finally, the entropy number in nondimensional form is stated as: where

Results and discussion
This section is designated to observe the influence of several parameters on associated distributions. Figures   Figures 10 and 11 respectively. The large estimates of both parameters play a vital role in the generation of entropy owing to their resistive role. Thus, creating chaos in the fluid flow. Figure 12 is drawn to witness the consequences of Schmidt numberScversus the concentration field. For higher estimates of Sc feeble concentration is observed. As the Schmidt number is inverse proportionate to mass diffusivity. Thus, large values of Sc result in lowering mass diffusivity that allows shallower penetration (infusion) of the solutal effect. Consequently, this feeble mass diffusivity lowers the concentration. The characteristics of δ 1 and Nt on the Nusselt number are shown in Figure 13. Interestingly Nusselt number decreases for both Nt and δ 1 . Table 2 is erected to give a comparison with Ariel [50] in limiting the case. A remarkable consensus is obtained in this regard.

Concluding remarks
The present consideration is to analyse the steady 3D Eyring Powell nanofluid flow past a nonlinear Darcy-Forchheimer spongy stretchable surface with entropy generation analysis. Originality of the presented model is improved by the inclusion of the radiative heat flux with zero mass flux condition at the surface. Analytical results in the form of series solution are obtained for the given problem via HAM. The major outcomes of the problem are: • It is noticed that in the existence of Darcy-Forchheimer number, the liquid velocity reduces. • For higher estimates of Schmidt number feeble concentration is observed. • Fluid temperature augments versus larger values of the Radiation parameter. • Entropy is strengthened for large estimates of Brinkman and Reynolds numbers. • Large Biot number estimates augment the fluid temperature.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Take, a 2 (n+1)(x+y) 2n−1 2 common from both sides of equation and from L.H.S add 2nd and 4th term and cancel it by 6th term and further take f common from 1st and 3rd terms, we get equation (6d) as follows: After incorporating the dimensionless parameters (18) into Equation (6d), we get a revised subsequent equation: This is the Equation (12) of the mathematical modelling. Similar procedure would be followed for the Equation (7) to get Equation (14), as it was used for the above Equation (12) we get, Fr(g ) 2 − (n + 1) 2 εδg 2 g