Synthesis of well-defined bisbenzoin end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) macrophotoinitiator by combination of ROP and click chemistry and its use in the synthesis of star copolymers by photoinduced free radical promoted cationic polymerization

Abstract A new well-defined bisbenzoin group end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI)2) was synthesized by combination of ring opening polymerization (ROP) and click chemistry. The ROP of ε-CL monomer in bulk at 110 °C, by means of a hydroxyl functional initiator namely, 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol in conjunction with stannous-2-ethylhexanoate, (Sn(Oct)2), yielded a well-defined PCL with a cyclohexene end-chain group (PCL-CH). The bromination and subsequent azidation of the cyclohexene end-chain group gave bisazido functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-(N3)2). Separately, an acetylene functionalized benzoin photoinitiator (PI-alkyne) was synthesized by using benzoin and propargyl bromide. Then the click reaction between PCL-(N3)2 and PI-alkyne was performed by Cu(I) catalysis. The spectroscopic studies revealed that poly(ε-caprolactone) with bisbenzoin photoactive functional group at the chain end (PCL-(PI)2) with controlled chain length and low-polydispersity was obtained. This PCL-(PI)2 macrophotoinitiator was used as a precursor in photoinduced free radical promoted cationic polymerization to synthesize an AB2-type miktoarm star copolymer consisting of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, as A block) and poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO, as B block), namely PCL(PCHO)2.


Introduction
Synthesis of novel polymeric materials with improved properties and applications is still an intense and challenging field in polymer chemistry. Among these materials, macrophotoinitiators, defined as polymer systems containing end-chain or mid-chain photoreactive groups, have received great interest in recent years, since they combine the properties of polymers with those of low molecular weight photoinitiators. They have a significant number of advantages in comparison with their corresponding low molecular weight analogs. [1][2][3] The advantages expected from macrophotoinitiators are better solubility and compatibility within the formulations, low odor, non-toxicity, higher efficiency, and reduced migration to the film surface. Moreover, macrophotoinitiators can be used as prepolymers in photoinitiating systems for synthesizing block and graft copolymers, [4,5] and they also allow combination of polymerizations proceeding with different mechanisms to synthesize polymers with blocks differing in nature.
There have been many publications about the synthesis and characterization of macrophotoinitiators containing photochoromophoric groups in their chains in the literature. [1,[6][7][8][9] Conventional methods are used in most of these studies. The works related to macrophotoinitiators with welldefined structures are rare though. The discovery of modern synthetic methods has paved the way for new opportunities in the preparation of well-defined macrophotoinitiators with controlled molecular weight and lower polydispersity. Controlled/living polymerization methods such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring opening polymerization (ROP) can be employed for this purpose. There are two procedures offered to synthesize welldefined macrophotoinitiators by using these methods: (i) the use of a photoinitiator with suitable functionality as an initiator in ATRP or ROP of a monomer system [10][11][12][13]; (ii) functionalization of a polymer achieved by ATRP or ROP with a photoreactive group. [14][15][16][17] We have previously synthesized and characterized many well-defined macrophotoinitiators of poly(ε-caprolactone) chemistry' methods. This macrophotoinitiator was then used as a prepolymer in the synthesis of an AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer comprising of PCL (as A block) and PCHO (as B block) by photoinduced free radical promoted cationic copolymerization. To the best of our knowledge, the synthesis of bisbenzoin group end-functionalized PCL macrophotoinitiator and AB 2 miktoarm star copolymer with linear PCL and PCHO as building blocks has not been reported.

Synthesis of cyclohexene end-functionalized poly(εcaprolactone) (PCL-CH)
Cyclohexene end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-CH) was obtained according to the method previously described in the literature [34] by ROP of ε-CL using Sn(Oct) 2 as catalyst and 3-cyclohexene-1methanol as the initiator. Typically, 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol (253 mg, 2.25 mmol), ε-caprolactone (5.15 g, 45 mmol), and stannous-2-ethylhexanoate (2.30 mg, 5.63 × 10 −3 mmol)were placed under nitrogen in a previously flamed and nitrogen-purged schlenk flask equipped with magnetic stirrer bead. The reaction mixture was degassed by freeze-thaw cycles (×3). The flask was charged with N 2 and the reaction mixture was allowed to heat up to 110 °C. After 5 days of stirring, the reaction was allowed to cool at room temperature. Upon cooling, a solid polymer formation was observed. The resultant solid was dissolved in dichloromethane to give a viscous solution. This viscous solution was added (PCL), [10,14,16] polystyrene (PSt), [18][19][20][21] and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [12] with various photoactive functionalities by using above methods and used them as prepolymers in the synthesis of block copolymers. To the best of our knowledge, very few works about the well-defined polymers having benzoin moiety have been reported. In preceding papers, [10,11,22] we applied ATRP and ROP methods to incorporate benzoin photoinitiator moiety to the chain end of the polymers. Thus, polystyrenes and PCLs with benzoin end-functionalities and narrow molecular weight distributions were prepared by using respective functional initiators in the ATRP and ROP systems. We have recently synthesized benzoin functionalized well-defined telechelic macrophotoinitiator of polystyrene by a combination of ATRP and click chemistry, which has a potential in initiating light-induced free radical promoted cationic polymerization to obtain ABA type tri-block copolymer. [15] Quite recently, we have also applied a combination of ROP and click chemistry in order to synthesize well-defined benzoin end-functionalized PCL. [16] This macrophotoinitiator was used as a prepolymer in photoinduced polymerzation for achieving AB type di-block copolymer. In this paper we have synthesised a well-defined bisbenzoin endgroup photoactive functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-(PI) 2 ) by combination of ROP and click chemistry. In contrast to our previous studies, the obtained macrophotoinitiator here was used as precursor in photoinitiated polymerization to get AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer comprising of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, as A block) and poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO, as B block).
Star type polymers consisting of several identical (homo-armed star polymers) or unequal linear chains (hetero-armed or miktoarm star copolymers) together have received great interest owing to their distinctive morphological and physical properties and possible processing advantages resulting from their unique architectures. [23][24][25][26] Miktoarm star copolymers represent a structure in which polymer blocks are connected to one another at a central core. There are many routes to synthesize such kind of polymers. The most common and well established route to synthesize such polymers mainly contains two steps. In the first step, a linear polymer with controlled chain length and end-groups is prepared by a controlled/living polymerization method such as ATRP or ROP. Then, the end-groups are converted to suitable chemical functionalities which undergo a facile and specific reaction (usually a 'click') to build the desired structure. [27,28] Various types of miktoarm star copolymers such as AB 2 , [29,30] A 2 B, [23] A 2 B 2 ,[31] AB 3 , [28,29] ABC [32] … etc., have been synthesized and characterized by using this way.
In this study, we report a novel well-defined bisbenzoin group end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI) 2 ) via the combination of ROP and 'click drop-wise to 200 ml of cold methanol by stirring and the precipitated polymer was then filtered off using a Gooch crucible, washed with cold methanol and dried under vacuum at room temperature to obtain PCL-CH. Yield: 4.89 g, 95%. M n H NMR = 2300, M n GPC = 2500, M w /M n = 1.22.

Bromination of cyclohexene end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-(Br) 2 )
Cyclohexene end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-CH) (4 g, 2.93 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL of dichloromethane in a two-necked round-bottomed flask. A solution of KBr (1.05 g, 8.7 mmol) in a 50 mL of distilled H 2 O was added to the reaction flask. Finally, HIO 3 (1.8 g, 10.23 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction was stirred at room temperature. At first, upper water phase was yellowish and bottom dichloromethane phase was colorless. After 5 min., bottom phase turned to orange. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC. After 24 h of stirring, the reaction was worked up by addition of 100 mL of 10% Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution. This mixture was transferred into a separatory funnel and the organic layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 70 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. evaporation of the excess solvent gave a grayish solid which was dissolved in dichloromethane to give a viscous solution and purified by reprecipitation from cold methanol. Dibromocyclohexane end-functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-(Br) 2 ) was collected after filtration and dried at room temperature in a vacuum for 3 days. Yield: ~4.30 g, >99%. M n H NMR = 2510, M n GPC = 2900, Mw/M n = 1.24.

Synthesis of acetylene end-functionalized benzoin (PI-alkyne)
Acetylene end-functional benzoin namely, 1,2-diphenyl-2-(propargyloxy)ethanone (PI-alkyne) was synthesized by slightly modifying the procedure described in the literature. [15] A solution of NaOH (2.35 g, 58.75 mmol) in 100 mL of distilled H 2 O was prepared in a 500 mL twoneck round-bottom flask. Benzoin (10 g, 47.00 mmol) was then added to this solution and the reaction was heated to 50 °C. Toluene (dry, 50 mL) was then added under stirring conditions until benzoin was dissolved completely forming a clear solution. The color of the mixture turned to orange-yellow during this process. To this clear solution, tetrabutylammonium bromide (1.89 g, 5.87 mmol) was added as a phase transfer catalyst. A separate solution was prepared by dissolving propargyl bromide (7.00 g, 58.75 mmol) in 50 mL of dry toluene and this solution was added drop wise to the first reaction flask during 30 min. The reaction mixture was kept stirring at 50 °C for 24 h and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC. Due to the presence of some starting material on TLC plate, 5 g NaOH and 100 mL of DMSO were added to the reaction and the mixture was further stirred for another 2 h until TLC analysis showed no starting material. The color was turned to black from orange. This mixture was transferred into a separatory funnel and extracted with toluene (100 mL) and water (100 mL) after complete separation of the phases. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (SiO 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 ) to afford acetylene-functionalized benzoin. Yield: 5.40 g, 46%, Rf 0.55.
The 1 H NMR spectrum of PCL-CH showed the resonance signals of the double bond protons of cyclohexene ring (at the PCL end-chain) at 5.71-5.60 ppm, the −CH 2 −O−CO protons at 3.97 and 3.95 ppm, the repeating-unit protons of PCL at 4.06-4.03, 2.33-2.27, 1.71-1.58, and 1.42-1.31 ppm, and the signals assignable to the methylene protons adjacent to the ω-chain end hydroxyl groups (proton a′) were clearly observed at 3.65-3.62 ppm, which indicated the completion of ROP (Figure 1(a)). The GPC measurements of PCL-CH indicated unimodal and narrow GPC trace with M n GPC = 2500 (Figure 3 Table 1.

Synthesis of dibromo-and diazido-cyclohexane endfunctionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) [(PCL-(Br) 2 ) and (PCL-(N 3 ) 2 )]
Bromination of cyclohexene end-functionalized group of PCL was conducted using potassium bromide (KBr) and iodic acid (HIO 3 ) in a two-phase system consisting of CH 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O (1/1) at room temperature. [36] Dibromocyclohexane end-functionalized PCL was obtained in ~99% yield. Subsequently, the bromines at the chain ends of PCL were transformed into azido groups through the over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The resulting solution was passed through an alumina column in order to remove trace amount of copper catalyst left from the mixture. After evaporating the excess solvent, the mixture was precipitated in cold methanol. Bisbenzoin end-eunctionalized PCL macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI) 2 ) was filtered off using a Gooch crucible and dried under vacuum for 3 days. Yield: ~650 mg, >99%, M n H NMR = 2810, M n GPC = 3200, and Mw/M n = 1.24.

Synthesis of AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer by free radical promoted cationic polymerization (PCL(PCHO) 2 )
A certain amount of the macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI) 2 ) and the monomer (cyclohexene oxide, CHO) in bulk containing onium salt (Ph 2 I + or eMP + ) in Pyrex tubes were degassed with nitrogen prior to irradiation. At the end of irradiation in a merry-go-round type photoreactor equipped with 16 Philips 8 W/08 lamps emitting light nominally at 350 nm at room temperature, the solutions were poured into cold methanol. The precipitated AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymers were filtered off and dried in vacuo. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on an Agilent 400 MHz NMR spectrometer at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured with a Perkinelmer Spectrum Two FT-IR spectrophotometer. Number and weight average molecular weights (M n and M w ) and molecular weight distributions (M w /M n ) were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using an Agilent GPC Instrument (Model 1100) consisting of a pump, a refractive index detector and two Waters Styragel columns (HR 5e, HR 4e), using THF as the eluent at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at 23 °C and toluene as an internal standard. Molecular weights were calculated by using monodisperse polystyrene standards. UV-vis spectra were registered on a Schimadzu 1601 spectrophotometer. Fluorescence spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu RF-1501 spectrofluorophotometer. Thermal stabilities and the glass transition temperatures of the polymers were investigated on a Perkin-elmer TGA/DTA 7300 thermal analysis systems, under N 2 flow with a heating rate of 20 °C/min. Molecular Scheme 1. synthesis of PCl-CH via roP.

Characterization
(proton c) along with the signals that originated from the corresponding initiator residues. The 1 H NMR spectrum of the diazido end-functionalized prepolymer is depicted in Figure 2(a). The good agreement between the molecular weight distributions (PDI) and the calculated and measured M n 's of PCL polymers (which are summarized in Table  1) indicates that no side reactions occurred during the bromination and nucleophilic substitution reaction (azidation) and well-defined dibromo and diazido end-functionalized PCLs were obtained. The structures of PCL-(Br) 2 and PCL(N 3 ) 2 were further supported by the observations from IR spectra as indicated in Figure 3(a) and (b). The IR measurements provided direct evidence for the presence of azide units with a typical vibration band at 2120 cm −1 which was absent in the case of PCL-(Br) 2 .

Synthesis of bisbenzoin end-functionalized poly(εcaprolactone) macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI) 2 )
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (click reaction) was employed for the preparation of (PCL-(PI) 2 ). The acetylene-functionalized benzoin (PI-alkyne), which is a click couple compound, was synthesized by slightly modifying the procedure described previously with 46% yield. The click reaction of PCL(N 3 ) 2 with PI-alkyne was performed in DMF at room temperature for 24 h using the CuBr/bipyridine catalyst system, as shown in Scheme 3. Polymer solution was passed through neutral alumina column to remove copper salt and the resin, then the solvent was removed by a rotary evaporator and the product was obtained as white solid from precipitation in methanol.
The FT-IR spectrum of the PCL-(PI) 2 (Figure 3(c)) indicated the disappearance of the absorption peak of the azido groups at around 2120 cm −1 suggesting that there is no unreacted azide functionalized polymer in the reaction products. In addition, the IR spectrum of the 'click' coupled product (PCL-(PI) 2 ) contains the characteristic C=O simple nucleophilic substitution reaction with NaN 3 in DMF. The overall reaction for bromination and azidation of PCL is shown in Scheme 2.
The dibromo-and diazido-cyclohexane end-functionalized PCL precursors were identified by 1 H NMR, FT-IR, and GPC measurements. Figure 1(b) shows the 1 H NMR spectrum of the prepolymer obtained from the bromination of PCL-CH. After bromination, the characteristic signals at 5.71-5.60 ppm for double bond protons of cyclohexene end group (in Figure 1(a)) completely disappeared, and the new resonance signals that appeared at 4.70 and 4.66 ppm are ascribed to protons of CH-Br (Figure 1(b)). This polymer has also showed the signals from the PCL backbone at 4.07-4.04 ppm (proton a), 2.32-2.28 ppm (proton d), 1.69−1.55 ppm (protons b), and 1.42-1.32 ppm ester band of PCL chain at 1720 cm −1 , the C=O keto group of the photoinitiator moiety at 1670 cm −1 , and the oop bending of Ar-H from benzoin end groups at 697 cm −1 demonstrating quantitative coupling and the successful formation of PCL-(PI) 2. Further evidence for the formation macrophotoinitiator could be seen in the 1 H NMR spectrum in Figure 2(b). The signals due to benzoin aromatic protons at the end-groups of the PCL-(PI) 2 at 7.88 and 8.06 ppm were observed in this spectrum along with the

Run Polymer
Temp.
(°C) even more convincing evidences for the incorporation of benzoin groups at the end-chain of PCL-(PI) 2 macrophotoinitiator and the completion of click cyclization reaction were obtained from UV-vis and Fluorescence measurements. Figure 5 shows the absorption spectra of PCL-(PI) 2 together with the PI-alkyne synthesized. each spectrum has specific absorptions between 300 and 400 nm. It can be clearly seen that the polymeric photoinitiator, PCL-(PI) 2 , has spectrum which is typical for benzoyl chromophores absorbing strongly in far UV and possessing an absorption maximum of the n→π* transitions around 320 nm (λ max = 320 nm, ε = 100-200 L mol −1 cm −1 ). [37] Thus these types of polymeric photoinitiators are suitable for use in formulations which do not absorb strongly in this region. characteristic signals due to the repeating units of the macrophotoinitiator itself. The GPC trace of the PCL-(PI) 2 macrophotoinitiator shown in Figure 4(a) displayed a unimodal peak and a little shifted toward the higher molecular weight region as compared to the starting material. In addition, its molecular weight distribution is still low and the theoretical, GPC and 1 H NMR molecular weights of the PCL-(PI) 2 are fit with each other indicating the formation of the macrophotoinitiator with well-defined structure.  The conditions and results related to photochemically induced free radical promoted cationic copolymerization of CHO monomer in bulk at room temperature by using PCL-(PI) 2 macrophotoinitiator are shown in Table 2. A control experiment without the macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI) 2 ) gave only negligible amount of polymer after the same irradiation time.
The AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer structures were determined by NMR and IR spectral measurements. The FT-IR spectrum of PCL(PCHO) 2 ( Figure 6) indicates the characteristic absorption bands of PCL and PCHO segments. Successful formation of the AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer was further evidenced by 1 H NMR analysis as shown in Figure 7. Besides the resonances assigned to the repeating protons of the PCL precursor at 4.06 ppm (proton a), 2.30 ppm (proton d), and 1.40 ppm (proton c), the characteristic −OCH signal of PCHO segment was also observed at 3.59-3.23 ppm. By comparing the integral intensity of the methylene protons from one PCL chain at 4.06 ppm or 2.30 ppm to that of the methine protons (−OCH) from PCHO segment at 3.59-3.23 ppm, the average degree of polymerization (DP n ) of the each PCHO chain was found as 120. The molecular weights of PCL(PCHO) 2 found from GPC and 1 H NMR measurements were presented in Table  2. As seen, M n H NMR values were higher than M n GPC . This might be attributed to calibration of GPC instrument and the compact structure of the star polymer. It is known that the GPC data relies on calibration. The hydrodynamic volume of PCL(PCHO) 2 miktoarm star copolymer is different from linear polystyrene polymer which was used as calibration standard in GPC system. Star polymers, on the other hand, have compact structures and generally, they have smaller hydrodynamic radius than linear analogs of the same molecular weight. In addition, PCHO blocks might be adsorbed onto the GPC column which would result in an increase in retention time and lead to lower detected molecular weight.
The GPC chromatogram of PCL(PCHO) 2 miktoarm star copolymer is monomodal and no peak attributed to the starting macrophotoinitiator (PCL-(PI) 2 ) was observed in the monomodal distribution curve as shown in Figure 4(b), indicating that the prepolymer (PCL-(PI) 2 ) has been completely consumed and converted to the corresponding AB 2 -type star copolymer and there are no side reactions occurred during photoinitiated polymerization.

Thermal analyses of polymers
Thermal transition parameters and thermal stabilities of the synthesized polymers, PCL-CH, PCL-(Br) 2 , PCL-(N 3 ) 2 , PCL-(PI) 2 , and PCL(PCHO) 2 were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis Figure 6 shows the fluorescence emission of the PCL-(PI) 2 macrophotoinitiator and its precursor PI-alkyne in CH 2 Cl 2 at room temperature. All spectra show the vibrational structures of the phenyl ketone chromophore. All these spectroscopic investigations suggest that the photochromophoric benzoin groups were conserved under the click cyclization reaction conditions.

Synthesis of AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer (PCL(PCHO) 2 )
The photoinitiated free radical promoted cationic polymerization method was employed for the preparation of PCL(PCHO) 2 (AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer) by using PCL-(PI) 2 macrophotoinitiator as the photoinitiator and CHO as the monomer. The initial stage of the UV irradiation process is radicalic. UV irradiation of the PCL-(PI) 2 macrophotoinitiator caused α-scission and yielded benzoyl (electron withdrawing), and polymer bound radicals (electron donating), according to the following reaction (Scheme 4). It is known that certain onium salts such as Ph 2 + PF 6 − and eMP + PF 6 − can efficiently oxidize photochemically generated electron donating free radicals. [22] If the photolysis is carried out in the presence of a cationic polymerizable monomer such as CHO the polymer attached radicals are converted to initiating cations to generate AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer consisting of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, as A block) and poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO, as B blocks). It should be pointed out that benzoyl radicals formed concomitantly do not participate in the oxidation process. [38] In addition, no peak belonging to the homopolymer formation was observed on GPC chromatogram of star copolymer. This is probably because the radicals formed from the decomposition of onium salts do not join in further redox reactions in the current system. (TGA) under N 2 atmosphere. The DTA analysis of the polymers obtained is shown in Figure 8.    Table 3. PCL is a hydrophobic, semicrystalline polymer; having melting point ranging between 56 and 67 °C depending on its molecular weight and the structures of the groups connected to the polymer. The T m 's found for PCL-CH, PCL-(Br) 2 , PCL-(N 3 ) 2 , and PCL-(PI) 2 in this work are the typical temperatures of semicrystalline PCL polymer, which is in good agreement with the literature. In the case of PCL(PCHO) 2 star type copolymer one melting temperature (T m = 55.16 °C) for PCL segment and one glass transition temperature (T g = 67.91 °C) for PCHO segment were determined. The lower T m observed for PCL(PCHO) 2 in comparison with its precursor homo PCL is attributed to the copolymer effect. The TGA curves and decomposition temperatures of the synthesized polymers are shown in Figure 9 and Table  3. The onset decomposition temperatures of the PCL-CH, PCL-(Br) 2 , PCL-(N 3 ) 2 , PCL-(PI) 2 and PCL(PCHO) 2 were found as 293 °C, 290 °C, 280 °C, 234 °C, and 164 °C respectively. As seen from TGA thermogram of samples, while PCL-CH has presented one maximum decomposition rate (T max 1 ) at 421 °C, PCL-(Br) 2 , PCL-(N 3 ) 2 , PCL-(PI) 2 , and PCL(PCHO) 2 have shown two maximum rates (T max 1 = 312 °C and T max 2 = 419 °C for PCL-(Br) 2 , T max 1 = 304 °C and T max 2 = 420 °C for PCL-(N 3 ) 2 , T max 1 = 367 °C and T max 2 = 418 °C for PCL-(PI) 2 , T max 1 = 183 °C and T max 2 = 409 °C for PCL(PCHO) 2 While homopolymer type of each PCL has one transition temperature (melting point, T m ), AB 2 -type miktoarm star copolymer, PCL(PCHO) 2, represents two transition temperature, one T m for PCL segment and one glass transition temperature (T g ) for PCHO segments. The melting and glass transition temperatures of the polymers are   The temperature corresponding to the maximum rate weight loss. c The temperatures for which the weight losses are 10, 50 and 90%, respectively.