A study on the direction of improvement by analyzing the characteristics of Goshiwons for urban regeneration in deteriorated residential blocks

The purpose of this study is to propose a direction for improvement by analyzing the characteristics of Goshiwon, non-dwellings. For this purpose, before analyzing the policy alternatives and plans for improvement, this study classify the highly density area of Goshiwons by analyzing the characteristics of its residents. First, this study derived the process and limitations of the related laws by analyzing the policies and regulations about the domestic Goshiwons. Second, this study analyzed the precedent research and case studies about domestic Goshiwons. Third, the types of Goshiwons were classified according to the distribution of resident types. Finally, this study proposes a policy alternative by analyzing the planning characteristics of the representative cases by types. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 4 May 2019 Accepted 19 August 2019


Background and purpose of research
As interest in the Gosihwon 1 has been heightened because of the recent series of incidents and domestic housing and welfare issues, there is a need for clear legal regulations on Goshiwons, and a survey to improve the residential environment of residents has emerged. It can be confirmed that South Korea's concept of housing in Goshiwons was formed with the start of the state examination in the 1970s. Since then, the relocation of Seoul National University campuses and a schools from the 1970s to the outside of the four main gates of old Seoul naturally formed "Goshi Villages", such as Dongjak-gu and Shillim-dong, and in the 1990s have become a type of housing for college students, with the weight of the IMF, the spread of online lectures, and the introduction of the lawschool system. 2 Although many accidents and problems have arisen from the 70s to the present day, the number of high-school students has steadily increased, to about 11,800 nationwide, with 80 percent of them concentrated in Seoul. 3 The purpose of this study is to analyze the background and status of the Goshiwons and to suggest ways to improve them according to the characteristics of each type in future projects for improving the Goshiwons in South Korea by classifying cases by type according to the type of residents. Figure 1 describes the backgrounds and changes of the Goshiwon since the 1970s. It also describes the situation at that time through some articles in the newspaper.
To that end, First, we looked at the policies and current status of the Goshiwons in South Korea. Second, prior research related to Goshiwons was analyzed. Third, the areas where the Goshiwons are concentrated were analyzed according to the characteristics of the residents, In order to typology of Goshiwons, the residents of Seoul visited many Goshiwons in Seoul through the cooperation of the city's residential officials and conducted interviews with residents, actual measurements of space, and analysis of programs. and fourth, the planning characteristics of the common Goshiwons were analyzed. Finally, we propose policy and planning improvements. Although this study categorized Goshiwons by region and proposed improvement strategies for each type, the study focused on analyzing and categorizing the current situation of Goshiwons. As a result, the proposed improvement strategy is rather general.

Previous studies
For the purpose of this study, a prior study in South Korea was analyzed. Recent domestic studies have been CONTACT Ji-Won Yang yyaanngg7799@naver.com School of Architecture, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea 1 A "Goshiwon" is a space not intended for residential use but in which people are living. The term originated from the reading rooms that were originally study places in which test takers could take a nap for effective learning. In the wake of the 1997 foreign-exchange crisis, however, theGoshiwons gradually began to turn into lodging places for low-income people, and the low rent rather than the poor facilities or environment, makes one-person poor households vulnerable to social and economic conditions. 2 Jin Mi-yun, Choi Sang-hee (2018) mainly conducted in three aspects. First, plan related to Goshiwons (Lee Jong-won, Lee Ho-young, Hong Wonhwa, 2009;Seok Ho-tae, Yang Jeong-hoon, Kim Jin-ho, 2009); Second, factual survey related to Goshiwons (Cheong So-yi, Park Joon-young, 2010;Gwon Jeonghyun, 2013); Third, related policies and regulations (Jin Mee-youn, Choi Sang-hee, 2018;Park Hyung-joo, 2008;Shin Sang-young, 2015;Lee Jung-yeon, 2014). Research is being conducted on various aspects, but studies suggesting directions for improvement by typifying test sites according to residence characteristics are insufficient. Therefore, this is a basic study for classifying public sources according to the type of residents, suggesting a direction of planning and supporting policies by type. Table 1 summarizes the preceding research in this study.

Laws relating to Goshiwons
The problems of accidents and safety in Goshiwons have long been concerns. Accordingly, provisions on Goshiwon safety standards have been revised over the years. However, Goshiwons built before the year of revision show limits, in that active improvements are not being made the policies are not legally effective. For example, the Special Act on the Safety Management of Multi-use Facilities, revised in 2009, mandates the installation of simplified sprinklers to prevent fires in Goshiwons, but previous buildings are not regulated by sprinklers. Table 2 contains changes of laws related to the Ghoshiwon.

Laws and systems related to quasi housing
To prevent non-dwellings such as Goshiwons and to provide a minimum living environment and space, the government has proposed various housing welfare policies since 2006, as shown in the table below. However, because non-dwellings residents often want to live near their jobs, legal standards are limited and the policies are not actively enforced. 3. The classification of highly density area of Goshiwon by resident type Goshiwons are divided into three main types of residents in the area.   (2011) -Prevent illegal accommodation from being built in residential areas. -The floor area of the Goshiwon, which The second neighborhood living facilities, is reduced from 1,000 square meters to less than 500 square meters.
Intensified regulation of utilization Enforcement Decree of Building Law (2012) -To prevent illegal renovations of the interior of a house, such as the illegal increase of the number of households in a house, an increase in fines for buildings that add to or break up without reporting.
Increase the fine of illegal renovations.

Enforcement Decree of Building
Law (2015) -Restrictions on the Location of Undergrounds in Goshiwon -Regulations for minimum corridor width 1.2 m and 1.5 m -For six stories or higher, it is mandatory to install a smoke eliminating equipment. -The Goshiwon and the maternity hospital cannot be installed in the same building. First, it is a busy area of Goshiwons (Gangnam) centered on office workers. Starting with Teheran-ro, the main road in Gangnam-gu, Seoul, there is a concentration of Goshiwons along both sides of the Seocho-gu. Also, a new form of Goshiwons has been found near some large hagwons. It has the highest monthly rent in Seoul, 4 with 22.1 percent of the total number of public institutions opened before 2009, 5 which is significantly lower than the Seoul average of 31.6 percent, indicating that there are many public places in the new good environment.
Second, Goshiwons tend to be in a busy area centered on job seekers. Dongjak-gu is a huge cluster of educational facilities, related facilities, and Goshiwons for national tests, with the Noryang district and large academies. Affordable retail stores, restaurants, and cultural life tailored to students create a complex Goshi-village atmosphere. The number of Goshiwons stands at 498, the second largest area in South Korea after Gwanak. Also, the ratio of Goshiwons that opened before 2009 is 36.9 percent, with the portion of the aged Goshiwons being significantly higher. Third, Goshiwon is a busy district (Dongdaemoon) centered on day laborers. It is concentrated around subway stations, such as the Sindang-dong Station, Jegi Station, and Seomyeon Station on Line 1. The Goshiwon monthly rent is the lowest in Seoul (average of 230,000 won), and facilities are often poor. The proportion of low-income and foreign workers among Goshiwon residents is high. Table 4 describes the location of the Goshiwon's areas in Seoul. It contains the population change by regions, geographical features and sociocultural characteristics. Table 5 summarizes the analysis of main cases by regions.
4. An analysis of the characteristics of the Goshiwon's planning by type

Characteristics of highly density area of Goshiwon and residents
For two months between January and February 2019, we conducted an on-site survey of residents of Goshiwons, and interviewed managers for the purpose of surveying the actual condition of the residential environment and analyzing the planned characteristics. 6 The details of the survey of the areas visited are presented in Table 5, which summarizes the four cases in which there are implications among research cases, as well as the characteristics of unit-generation units and key spaces. Figure 2 represents the research procedure.
We found that Goshiwons in Dongjak-gu, which has a high percentage of job seekers, had a relatively good residential environment and that public facilities were equipped. In Dongdaemun-gu/Seodaemun-gu, monthly rent was relatively lower than in Dongjakgu, and the aging residential environment and lack of public space was found. In addition, as the residents were mainly employed, it was urgent to improve the living environment and expand the community space to secure the quality of life.

Characteristics of Goshiwon operating methods
Goshiwons are not a legally defined type and therefore exist in various forms and operate in a way that avoids legal restrictions. The Goshiwons are largely operated in four ways: multiple houses, illegal multifamily houses, one-room houses, and ordinary houses.  (2010) -If the rent for low-income households exceeds a certain level of income, some of the rent is provided as a coupon-type exchange voucher.
Partial subsidy for rent and monthly rent for low-income households homeless welfare law (2012) -Protection by Homeless Welfare Facilities.
-Protection by social welfare facilities and protection by other laws.
-Support for the supply/temporary housing costs of rental housing.
-Other housing support provided under the Presidential Decree.
Appropriate housing support for the homeless monthly rent loan (2015) -monthly rent loan for the Stability of Low-income Households lower-income group housing assistance Low income homeowners Support (2017) -Support comprehensive housing improvement by assessing the level of old age of a house, such as structural safety, facilities and closures, among households with low economic income lower-income group improvement of living conditions housing allowance system revision (2018) -Provide housing expenses for all households with median income of 43% or less based on income recognition regardless of their working capacity or age.   First, it is a legal operation method to use multiple houses. Multiple houses, a type of single-family homes, do not have a complete residential form and can have a bathroom for each room, but cooking is considered illegal. The kitchens are jointly run. This case can be seen as a legal form of residence in the high court.
Second, it is illegal operation using multiple houses. Because a Goshiwon is vulnerable to fires, many of the Goshiwons' cooking facilities are set up to attract residents, even though it is illegal to set up an indoor cooking facility inside the Goshiwon.
Third, it is an illegal operation method that uses one-room housing. The method is to register buildings as Goshiwons and operate one-room residences equipped with cooking facilities illegally. The main reason for this is to maximize rental income by reducing the parking area, using the fact that one-room housing is legally required to have 0.6 parking area per household, but one parking area per 134 m 2 .
Fourth, it is illegal to rent a small room in an ordinary house, which is generally referred to as a gibang.
In addition, the Goshiwons are illegally operated for various purposes, with 70 percent of the Goshiwon buildings in each region being used as second-class residential facilities, with 2.4 percent being working facilities, 2.2 percent being educational facilities, and 1.2 percent being accommodation facilities.

Planning of buildings and floor plans
Goshiwons' building plans and typical plans could largely be characterized into three types: duplicated corridor, corridor, and single type.
In the duplicated corridor type, the most favorable residential environment of the high-level plan is to secure light and ventilation by placing windows in all individual rooms, in the form of sills located on both sides of the central corridor.
The corridor type creates a rotating corridor inside a high-sill circle and places threads in the outer and center sections. As a floor plan to secure more yarn, the interior of the building will have poor windowless threads, which will be leased at a lower price than windowed ones.
A single type is a form of securing additional threads through illegal alteration of the water tank chamber located on the roof of the Goshiwon building or by installing an illegal building. Because it is not a normal method of building, it provides poor housing environment and safety.
The three types of corridors are 800-1000 mm wide, which is narrower than in normal buildings and can cause considerable inconvenience for circulation. The narrow corridor width was thought to require legal restrictions, in that it was hard to escape in case of fire and that noise generated from the chamber would be transmitted to the side rooms, thereby reducing the quality of the residential environment.    Table 6 summarizes the characteristics of the building plans and features.

Vertical circulation plan
The vertical circulation of Goshiwons could be largely grouped into five types: commercial-residential, commercial, residential, separated, and male and female.
The commercial mixed type is the type of commercial facility planned for the upper or lower floors of the building.
Mixed-use housing is divided into layers of Goshiwons and ordinary houses in the building, and movement to the rooftop, which is used as a smoking, laundry, and public space, may be encountered by both the high-ranking residents and the average resident.
A commercial-residential complex is when nearby living facilities, housing, and public information centers are divided into floors. It is a type that is often seen on the side of the boulevard where commercial facilities are usually located.
The two-sided separation type uses some layers in the building as a test source, but divides them into two directions around the vertical core. Since the kitchen, which is a common space, exists only on one side, it has been confirmed that there is inconvenience in the wires caused by the separation of space, such as having to pass through the core space to use it.
The vertical division of men and women is the type that separates the layers according to the sex of the Goshiwons' residents, and is designed for the security of the residents and their convenience in life. Table 7 describes the cross-sectional conceptual diagrams and the characteristics of the spatial composition.

Public space plan
Both types of public offices showed similar views in planning public spaces. Public toilets, showers, kitchens, and front doors (including new ones) were used together, except for core spaces such as elevators and stairs for vertical movement and management. Other public spaces were difficult to find. Table 8 analyzes the characteristics of the Communal Spaces.

Community space planning
There was a difference in community space by region. In the Goshiwon mainly used by Office workers, the restroom, small community space, and canteen were checked, whereas in the Goshiwon mainly used by students was operating a library or lounge for the students who were the main residents. Compared to the above two regions, it was difficult to identify community spaces in most Goshiwon mainly used by day workers, where monthly rent is low and the environment is poor. All three types of apartments had rooftops, but the physical environment was not so good that they were not used as community spaces and were used for smoking, laundry drying, and baggage storage. The rooftop environment of the apartments surveyed in this study was not good, but the rooftop can be used as a community of residents if the environment is good. Table 9 is an analysis of the characteristics of Community Spaces.

Conclusion
Policies have also changed and research has been under way recently as interest in domestic housing welfare and Goshiwons has increased. The purpose of the plan is to identify the background and status of the high-ranking officials and to categorize the Goshiwon types according to the type of residents in order to suggest a direction for planning and policy improvement by type.
Depending on the residents' characteristics, Goshiwons in Seoul can be classified into Gangnam/ Seocho-gu with a large number of workers, Dongdaemun/Seodaemun-gu with a large number of students, and Dongdaemun/Seodaemun-gu with a concentration of low-income and daily workers.
First, the Gangnam/Seocho-Gyeong-gu area had relatively high monthly rents and a pleasant residential environment because of the characteristics of high-income workers.
Second, in Dongjak-gu/Gwanak-gu, large-scale hagwon students are concentrated, showing the local characteristics of preparing for college entrance exams or public-service entrance exams. In the Goshiwon district, for a college student who is not preparing for job, the living conditions were relatively good with the financial support of his parents. In particular, various entertainment facilities and restaurants tailored to those in their 20s and 30s are creating a unique culture in the region.
Third, Dongdaemun/Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, has the lowest monthly rent in areas where low-income people and day laborers are concentrated. However, the residential environment is relatively poor.
The investigation and analysis of these sources resulted in the following problems and limitations.
First, the Goshiwon system is largely operated in four ways: as multiple houses, illegal multiple houses, one-room houses, and general houses. As such, it is not clearly part of the legal code and thus operates as an illegal residence in various forms. In the future, tougher legal sanctions and continuous inspections and management will be needed to resolve them.
Second, in common, problems such as lack of public space, obsolescence of facilities, and lack of openings and closures in individual rooms were recognized. Depending on the characteristics of the residential area, Goshiwons where students and job seekers reside can propose a space for daily workers, such as libraries, sports spaces, rest areas, and, finally, a space for psychological healing and community formation, and Goshiwon, where office workers reside in general can offer a space for joint meetings and devices.
Studies have shown that, depending on the type of resident, the programs and facilities of the public spaces that should be proposed in the Goshiwon-congested area should be diversified. In addition, the priority of policy support was given, indicating the urgency for policy training based on local and resident characteristics, not on uniform institutionalization.
Province. She is also a researcher for the Architectural Institute Korea and a consultant on direction in order to transform space in schools at the Ministry of Education.
Ji-Won Yang is an undergraduate in architecture at Soongsil University, South Korea. He has been participating as an assistant researcher for the A/Prof. Yoo Hae-yeon's research team since 2017. In 2017, he won the grand prize at the '72-hour Project,' an urban renewal contest that turned barren land in Seoul into a usable space, hosted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and Hanwha Corporation. In 2019, he won the "Youth Architect Design Competition," a competition for design of living infrastructure using low-rise residential area hosted by the Seoul Housing Corporation, and is currently working on projects related to urban regeneration and housing in Seoul. He participated in the ZEMCH International Design Workshop at Melbourne in 2018 and is joining as an assistant for the 2019 ZEMCH (Zero Energy Mass Custom Home) in November. He has been interesting in the urban regeneration's research field, so he will go on to master's in the field next year.
Ji-Su Kim is an undergraduate in architecture at Soongsil University, South Korea. He has been participating as an assistant researcher for the A/Prof. Yoo Hae-yeon's research team since 2019. In 2019, he won the "Youth Architect Design Competition," a competition for design of living infrastructure using low-rise residential area hosted by the Seoul Housing Corporation, and is currently working on projects related to urban regeneration and housing in Seoul. He is participating as an assistant in the ZEMCH International Design Workshop at Seoul in November 2019. He has been interesting in the urban regeneration and local connected school programs, so he will go on to master's in the field next year.