New species and new records of bryozoans from Galicia (NW Spain)

ABSTRACT Although the bryozoological fauna of Galicia (NW Spain) is probably the best known of the whole Iberian Peninsula, and perhaps one of the better known in Europe, new studies continue to provide new knowledge. A new species, Schizotheca galaica sp. nov., is described. Eleven species are newly recorded in Galicia: Aetea longicollis, Parellisina curvirostris, Copidozoum planum, Glabrilaria corbula, Haplopoma sciaphilum, Schizomavella (Schizomavella) mamillata, Fenestrulina asturiasensis, Fenestrulina barrosoi, Buffonellaria muriella, Schizotheca divisa and Dentiporella saldanhai; two of them (B. muriella and S. divisa) are also reported for the first time in Iberian waters; four others (Antarctothoa galaica, F. asturiasensis, F. barrosoi and D. saldanhai) are reported for the first time since their original descriptions, and SEM images of A. longicollis and F. asturiasensis are provided for the first time. Moreover, the range of geographical distribution of some species is expanded: the record of S. divisa is the southernmost to date, while the records of S. mamillata, F. barrosoi and D. saldanhai are the most northerly to date. The presence of other four species in Galician waters is confirmed and we document the permanence and range extension of two species recently introduced into our waters (Tricellaria inopinata and A. galaica). urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F8D0ABEF-026E-4FC8-A947-6484249519FA


Introduction
Bryozoans are key components of the benthos, presenting a wide diversity and encrusting all types of hard, permanent or ephemeral substrates. Studies on the bryozoological fauna of Galicia began with the publication of the results of the campaign by the Travailleur carried out by Jullien (1882Jullien ( , 1883, a very late date compared with the long bryozoological tradition in other areas such as the British Isles. Moreover, the first records of intertidal bryozoans did not appear until well into the twentieth century, when Barroso (1923) published the results of a study of material collected in Marín (Ría de Pontevedra). The second contribution in this field had to wait for another 50 years, when Carrada (1973) published data from the Ría de Vigo. From the 1980s on, however, a continuous series of works increased our knowledge on the Galician bryozoological fauna. The publication, 20 years later, of an annotated check-list (Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro 2001) that compiled data of more than 260 species, crowned this effort. This revealed Galicia to be the most diverse area of the Iberian waters as far as bryozoans are concerned, and one of the best-known areas in Europe. It is also worth mentioning the importance of the group in the Galician benthos, since the high diversity of bryozoans in some rías (e.g. the Ría de Ferrol with 143 known species or the Ría de Vigo with 122 species) defines these areas as having the greatest number of species per area of the entire Atlantic.
During the past years we have been gathering unpublished data from various sites along our coasts. This has yielded new data for nearly 100 species. In the present work we collate the most interesting data on 19 of them, including: the description of a new species of the genus Schizotheca Hincks, 1877; the first records of 11 species for Galician waters, two of which [Buffonellaria muriella Berning and Kukliński, 2008 and Schizotheca divisa (Norman, 1864)] are also reported for the first time in Iberian waters; four others [Antarctothoa galaica (César-Aldariz, Fernández-Pulpeiro and Reverter-Gil, 1999), Fenestrulina asturiasensis Álvarez, 1992, Fenestrulina barrosoi Álvarez, 1993and Dentiporella saldanhai Souto, Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2010 are reported for the first time since their original descriptions. SEM photos of Aetea longicollis Jullien in Jullien and Calvet 1903, and F. asturiasensis are here included for the first time. The presence of other four species in Galician waters is confirmed, previously doubtful due to different reasons; and we confirm the permanence and range extension of species recently introduced into our waters, such as Tricellaria inopinata d' Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985 and A. galaica. In addition, the record of S. divisa becomes the southernmost of the species to date, whereas the finding of Schizomavella (Schizomavella) mamillata (Hincks, 1880) in our waters confirms the presence of the species in Atlantic waters and it becomes the most northerly to date.

Materials and methods
The samples studied here were collected all along the Galician coast (NW Spain), in 43 localities, from the intertidal to 594 m depth ( Figure 1; Table 1).
In the intertidal, samples from the localities 1, 3, 6d, 9, 20, 22b and 23d were collected on natural substrates, whereas specimens from locality 2 were collected on an experimental panel, and material from localities 6c, 21b and 21c were collected on artificial structures in marinas. The material was initially conserved in alcohol or dry.
Shallow-water specimens were collected by SCUBA (localities 5, 6b, 7, 21d, 22a and 23a-c, e, f) or by dredge (localities 6a, 21a and 22c) during systematic sampling campaigns in different rías. As in the case of the intertidal specimens, they were initially fixed in alcohol or preserved dry.
Another group of samples, from localities 8, 10-19 and 21e, were collected during fishing activities mainly with bottom trawls and fishtraps from near-shore fishing boats. During the use of these fishing gears rocks, shells, and corals among other substrates with bryozoans were collected. Most of these samples were dried for conservation. Finally, one sample collected at st. Y428 of the campaign Thalassa (here named st. 4) and currently stored in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN), was studied.
Data on the substrates, when known, are presented in the material examined section of each species.
Samples were sorted and examined in the lab using stereomicroscopes. Selected specimens were dried for study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FEI Inspect S50 SEM and Zeiss EVO LS15, from the University of Vienna and from the University of Santiago de Compostela, respectively, were used to take photographs of uncoated material with a back-scattered electron detector in low-vacuum mode. Optical photos were taken with a Nikon D90 camera. Measurements were taken with the software ImageJ® on SEM photographs.
For comparative purposes, some type material held in the MNHN and the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (MNCN) has been revised. The material newly collected during the present work has been stored in the bryozoan collection at the Museo de Historia Natural of the USC (MHNUSC-Bry).

Description
Colony encrusting, uniserial, ramifying, white when dead, colour alive unknown. Autozooids with a basal dilatation and a stem arising from its distal part. Length of the dilatation, which is covered by transverse lines, about one third of stem length; width about 0.12-0.18 (mean 0.15) mm. Stems long and slender, about 2 mm long by 0.07 mm wide. Distal portion not widened, bearing the narrow frontal membrane, 0.70 mm long by 0.06 mm wide, with a terminal operculum. Stem smooth, lightly punctate, distal portion around the membranous area highly punctate.

Remarks
Aetea longicollis is a rarely reported species whose distribution is not well known due to frequent confusions with other species of the genus, although it seems to be present both in the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The species was originally described by Jullien (in Jullien and Calvet 1903) from material collected off Luarca (Asturias, N Spain) at 134 m depth. It had also been reported in Catalonia (Zabala 1986) at 5-20 m depth, on vertical walls, in small caves and on detritic bottoms, especially on algae and the seagrass Posidonia, although this record seems doubtful because this represents a completely different habitat.
Aetea longicollis had not been previously reported in Galicia, although the species Aetea lineata, described by Jullien (1882) from a single zooid devoid of peristome, collected near Galician coasts, could actually correspond to A. longicollis (see Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro 2001).

Remarks
According to Hayward and Ryland (1998), P. curvirostris has a wide distribution in warm temperate and subtropical waters. In Iberian waters it does not seem to be a very frequent species: along the Mediterranean coast it has been reported only in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands (Gautier 1962;Zabala 1993), while in the Atlantic coast only in the Ibero-Moroccan Bay at 150 m depth (Harmelin and d'Hondt 1992). Besides, the species Membranipora guernei, described by Jullien and Calvet (1903) from 135 m depth off the Cape Peñas (Asturias), is probably a junior synonym of P. curvirostris according to Prenant and Bobin (1966). The present record is therefore the first one of the species in Galician waters.

Remarks
Copidozoum planum seems to be a warm-temperate species with a circum-subtropical distribution. In Europe it is frequent in the Mediterranean and extends north to near the English Channel. In Iberian waters it has been reported all along the Mediterranean coast, but in the Atlantic coast it was recorded only in the Ibero-Moroccan Bay at 580 m depth by Harmelin and d'Hondt (1992) and in the Algarve . Therefore, the present record of C. planum is the first one for the Galician coast.

Remarks
Scrupocellaria ellisi was recently described by Vieira and Spencer Jones (2012) for several specimens previously identified as Scrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758). Both species are distinguished by very few characters not always easy to see: the presence in S. ellisi of smooth rhizoids and stouter scuta with 8-13 stout projections at distal tips, against 6-9 in S. reptans, and the size of oecial pseudopores, smaller in S. ellisi than in S. reptans. The next year, both species were transferred to the new genus Cradoscrupocellaria Vieira et al., 2013.
Geographical distribution of C. reptans was limited to the British Isles, since most of its previous records were assigned to C. ellisi, a species widespread in the north-east Atlantic (North Sea, British Channel, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea), the Adriatic, Tasmania (probably introduced), and perhaps present also in the western Mediterranean (see Vieira et al. 2013). Cradoscrupocellaria reptans was until now considered to be a frequent and abundant species, reported all along the Galician coast, from Ribadeo to Vigo, collected from the intertidal down to 25 m depth, growing mostly on algae and shells (Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro 2001, as Scrupocellaria reptans). We have revised collection material previously identified as S. reptans, as well as other material newly collected, all coming from different localities of Galicia, and we believe that it must be identified as C. ellisi. Nonetheless, as we have not been able to verify all the previous records of S. reptans in Galicia individually, we cannot rule out that this species, or other similar ones, were also present in our waters.

Remarks
Tricellaria inopinata was collected for the first time in Iberian waters in samplings carried out in 1996 in the Ría de Ribadeo. This finding most likely represents a recent introduction (c. 1990) from the Venetian lagoon together with clams for cultivation . The next time that the species was collected in Galicia was at several localities in the Ría de Vigo in 1998 (Soto García et al. 2002), although at that time it was not possible to verify whether its presence was the result of an independent introduction or the expansion of the species from the north coast of Galicia. In fact, T. inopinata was collected again in the Ría de Ribadeo in 1999 and in 2000, confirming its acclimatisation to the area, and also in 2000 in the Ría de Muros. The new records included here confirm the colonisation of the entire Galician coast by this species. Tricellaria inopinata may even appear in very high abundances in some places, as is the case for the Island of San Vicente (Ría de Ortigueira) (st. 3), or the beach of San Francisco (Ría de Muros) (st. 20b).

Remarks
Cellaria salicornioides is a widespread species in the Mediterranean, ranging northwards to British coasts and southwards to the Canaries. Off the Iberian Peninsula it had been reported in many localities both along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts.
In waters near Galicia, however, C. salicornioides had only been reported more than 130 years ago, by Jullien (1882, as Salicornaria johnsoni Busk) at 1037 m depth. The original material of this record was not found in the MNHN collections in Paris, so it has not been checked. The present record confirms the presence of C. salicornioides on the Galician coast.

Description
Colony encrusting, unilaminar, small, consisting of only 19 autozooids, round or sub-oval, 0.191-0.291 (mean 0.238) mm long by 0.155-0.194 (mean 0.175) mm wide. Lateral and proximal gymnocyst narrow to broad, but with proximal or proximolateral extensions between neighbouring zooids. Pericyst lightly calcified, without central umbo, with 10-12 costae; each costa with a broad, ascending portion at periphery of pericyst leading to a narrower portion, nearly horizontal, at the flat central region of shield, both portions separated by a low tubercle bearing a very small pelmatidium. Six to eight intercostal reniform pores, generally smaller in proximal costae. Orifice of non-ovicellate zooid D-shaped, 0.035-0.047 (mean 0.039) mm long by 0.044-0.055 (mean 0.050) mm wide, proximal edge straight. Orifice of ovicellate zooid width 1.2 times that of orifice of non-ovicellate zooid. Seven distal oral spines, four in ovicellate zooids, without inwardly directed apophyses. Apertural bar with pelmatidium each side of midline, without tubercles. One or two median sub-oral lacunae between proximal margin of orifice and first row of intercostal pores. Ovicell of category C (see Bishop and Househam 1987), 0.092-0.127 (mean 0.113) mm long by 0.136-0.166 (mean 0.151) mm wide; length 0.7 times that of frontal shield; without a median suture but with up to four ridges in a more or less radiating pattern. Kenozooid observed once, with an incomplete cribrimorph frontal shield of costae in radiating pattern. Formed by regeneration of a broken zooid (perhaps the ancestrula?) (Figure 3(c)). Avicularium not present in our material.

Remarks
Glabrilaria corbula was described by Bishop and Househam (1987) from material collected in the English Channel and NE Ireland at 73-106 m depth. The following year, Harmelin and Arístegui (1988) reported this species from deep waters in the Ibero-Moroccan Bay at 518-524 m depth and the French Mediterranean coast at 130-300 m depth, and also in cryptic habitats of the NW Mediterranean (submarine caves and small cavities in biogenic rocks) at 6-30 m depth. Glabrilaria corbula was reported again by Harmelin and d'Hondt (1992) from the Ibero-Moroccan Bay at 135-521 m depth and from the Alboran Sea at 145-170 m depth, and then again by De Blauwe (2009) from the southern North Sea. Harmelin and Arístegui (1988) pointed out that the Mediterranean material differs from the British one mainly by the frontal shield, which is less prominent and without marked peripheral protuberances because the bases of the costae are low with a small tubercle bearing a pelmatidium, instead of being steeply raised with a tall and rounded tubercle or short crest. Furthermore, deep-water material from the Mediterranean and Ibero-Moroccan Bay differs from the Mediterranean littoral specimens only by a tendency to lack avicularia. For these reasons, Harmelin and Arístegui (1988) considered that specimens from the Ibero-Moroccan Bay, despite being geographically Atlantic, belong to the Mediterranean population of the species. We only have a single, small colony of G. corbula, collected at 8 m depth in the Ría de Ferrol (NE Atlantic). Nonetheless, despite the scarcity of the material collected, the shape of the costae as well as of the whole pericyst indicates that it is more closely related to the Mediterranean population of the species than to the British one. The absence of avicularia in our material could relate it to the deep-water material, but we believe that this lack may simply reflect the scarcity of material studied. This scarcity (only a juvenile colony) may also explain the smaller size of our material compared with records by Harmelin and Arístegui (1988) or Hayward and Ryland (1998).
The Ría de Ferrol presents a very high bryodiversity in spite of its small size (up to 143 species according to Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro 2001 and unpublished data). The present record of G. corbula increases the number of species of Puellina s.l. reported in the ría to nine (see Reverter and Fernández 1996). Furthermore, the ría houses the only Iberian records of Puellina nana Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2007a, Puellina modica Bishop and Househam, 1987, Puellina directa Bishop and Househam, 1987. For three of these species, those records are the shallowest ones to date: 20 m for P. modica, and 8 m for both G. corbula and P. directa, which were collected here at the same station (MHNUSC-Bry 647).

Remarks
To date, A. galaica was known only from the localities along the coast of Lugo reported in its original description (César-Aldariz et al. 1999) because the species was not reported again. Therefore, the present record is the first one since the original description of the species and confirms that A. galaica, although probably introduced in NW Spain from the Southern Hemisphere via shipping (Hughes et al. 2008), is still present here more than 20 years later.

Remarks
According to Hayward and Ryland (1999), H. sciaphilum is relatively common in dark environments and deep waters. It has been reported from west Sweden, through Britain to the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. In the Iberian Peninsula, however, it has been previously recorded only twice: in submarine caves in Sagres (S Portugal) by Boury-Esnault et al. (2001) and in Gipuzkoa (N Spain) at 3-10 m depth by d 'Hondt (1988). However, this last record seemed doubtful because H. sciaphilum is characterised by the lack of an umbo, whereas d 'Hondt (1988)

Description
Colony encrusting, multilaminar, developing as a small crust. Autozooids rectangular or irregularly polygonal, 0.601-0.854 (mean 0.722) mm long by 0.274-0.355 (mean 0.315) mm wide, in radial series in growing edge, randomly orientated in areas with frontal budding, separated by fine, raised sutures; frontal shield convex, nodular, irregularly perforated by few pores, plus a row of conspicuous areolar pores. Primary orifice drop-shaped, longer than wide, 0.113-0.132 (mean 0.123) mm long by 0.095-0.105 (mean 0.100) mm wide, with a small, U-shaped sinus occupying one-third of the proximal border. Condyles distinctive, thick, longer than wide, with free distal edge sharply cusped, and reaching the edges of the medial notch, defining a deep, V-shaped sinus at binocular. Two or three oral spines, vestigial, covered by secondary calcification. Avicularium diagnostic: median suboral, monomorphic, with triangular rostrum, 0.099-0.109 (mean 0.103) mm long by 0.069-0.078 (mean 0.073) mm wide, directed proximally and slightly acute to frontal plane; crossbar complete, with strong median columella, palate with trifoliate foramen. Ovicell not present in the single colony studied.

Remarks
The present material differs in only two characters from other records of S. mamillata (see e.g. Hayward and McKinney 2002;Reverter-Gil et al. 2015): the species typically presents a peristome developed as a thin rim, most pronounced on each side of sinus. In our material the peristome is absent, but it seems to be broken, perhaps eroded (Figure 3(f)). On the other hand, the avicularium of our material is much smaller than the avicularium in Mediterranean material, but nonetheless similar to that observed in colonies from south Portugal (see Souto et al. 2010 fig. 16B), so this is perhaps a character defining the Atlantic material of the species.
Schizomavella mamillata seems to be common throughout the shallow waters of the Mediterranean (Hayward and McKinney 2002), but it is also present in two Atlantic localities along the Portuguese coast: Foz do Douro, intertidal, and in the Algarve at 20 m depth . The present record is thus the first one of S. mamillata for the Galician coast, and is also the northernmost of the species to date.

Description
Colony encrusting, forming small unilaminar patches. Autozooids roughly hexagonal, 0.430-0.588 (mean 0.511) mm long by 0.358-0.540 (mean 0.444) mm wide, in alternating series, separated by distinct grooves. Frontal wall smooth, convex, evenly perforated by circular, non-stellate pores, each one located at the bottom of a small, short cavity. In young zooids pores are lacking in the area proximal to ascopore, except marginal ones. Ascopore in the centre of the zooid; lumen crescentic, with small delicate denticulations. Large basal pore-chambers present. Primary orifice D-shaped, wider than long, 0.096-0.126 (mean 0.110) mm long by 0.137-0.152 (mean 0.143) mm wide. Four to five short cylindrical oral spines, reduced to two in ovicellate zooids. Ooecium acleithral, subglobular, prominent, wider than long, recumbent on distal succeeding zooid, with smooth surface and a single peripheral series of basal pores.

Remarks
Fenestrulina asturiasensis was described by Álvarez (1992) for two colonies collected at 120 m depth off Cape Peñas (Asturias, northern Spain). As far as we are aware, the species has not been reported again since then. Therefore, this is not only the first record of F. asturiasensis for the Galician coast, but also the first one since the original description of the species. We also provide the first SEM images of the species, both of the type material and the newly collected material. The holotype of F. asturiasensis was growing on a brachiopod shell, but the new specimens collected here were found on Reteporella sp., corals and on a whale bone. Fenestrulina barrosoi Álvarez, 1993 ( Figure 4(d-f)) Fenestrulina barrosoi Álvarez, 1993: 831, fig. 1.

Remarks
Fenestrulina barrosoi was described by Álvarez (1993) from material collected at 28-52 m depth close to the Alboran Island (SW Mediterranean). As for F. asturiasensis (see above) the present record is the first one for the Galician coast, but also the first one since its original description. The present record also proves for the first time the presence of F. barrosoi in the Atlantic Ocean. Álvarez (1993) indicated that a difference between F. barrosoi and Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin, 1826) was that the former grows on basal structures of seagrasses in the Alboran Sea whereas the later was collected encrusting shells. Nevertheless, in Galicia F. barrosoi was found growing on algae, a substrate also used by F. malusii in the Atlantic Ocean (Hayward and Ryland 1999;Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro 2001). Therefore, the substrate does not seem to be a good diagnostic character.

Remarks
Herentia thalassae has been recently redescribed by , who establish the characters to differentiate it from the very similar species Herentia hyndmanni (Johnston, 1847) and indicate the difficulty to confirm the previous identifications without examining the original material. Herentia thalassae was described from the station Thalassa U851, coming from north of A Coruña at 520-530 m depth [MNHN 9982: Holotype;David and Pouyet 1978 as Herentia (Herentia) thalassae thalassae]. This reference was overlooked by Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro (2001).
Herentia hyndmanni was reported from Galicia by d 'Hondt (1974), but of all the material reported only the sample MNHN 7619 (station Thalassa U825, from west of Vigo at 480-520 m depth), seems to have been preserved. This sample was included and figured by  in their redescription of H. thalassae. Furthermore, H. thalassae was originally described in other of the stations reported by d' Hondt (1974) (Thalassa U851). And finally, the unpublished locality where this species is reported in the present work (Thalassa Y428) is in the same area as those referred to by d 'Hondt (1974). Therefore, it is possible that all the records by d 'Hondt (1974) from northern Galicia identified as H. hyndmanni actually correspond to H. thalassae.
Finally, the material reported by Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro (2001) as Escharina hyndmanni off Fisterra at 128 m depth could not be revised, but the material collected at 594 m depth is revised here and its identification is corrected to H. thalassae.

Remarks
According to Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro (2001, as Escharina hyndmanni), this species would have been cited in Galicia in three areas: in the Ría de Ferrol at 15-20 m depth; in several stations of the Thalassa north of A Coruña, between 380 m and 530 m depth; and in the Fisterra area, at 128 m and 594 m depth. However, following the redescription of the genus Herentia by  there were doubts about whether H. hyndmanni is really present in Galicia or not. As already indicated in the previous species, the records from the Thalassa campaign and off Fisterra possibly correspond entirely to H. thalassae. However, Berning et al. ( , p. 1526 indicate that both species can coexist, so the presence of H. hyndmanni in these waters cannot be completely ruled out. The material originally reported from the Ría de Ferrol as E. hyndmanni (see Reverter Gil 1995) has not been conserved, so it could not be revised. Note on the one hand, however, that the 7 colonies collected at 15-20 m depth, some of them ovicellated, were formed by essentially flat autozooids and ovicells, which contrasts with the distally elevated autozooids in H. thalassae provided with ooecias rising well above colony surface (see Figure 5(a,b)). On the other hand, a juvenile colony collected in Ferrol in 2004 in a station close to the original ones, at 8 m depth (Figure 5(b)), corresponds well to the description of H. hyndmanni by . We can therefore confirm that this species exists in Galician waters. The presence of this species in Galicia is not surprising, considering that according to  H. hyndmanni occurs off the western coasts of the British Isles and off southern Portugal, and Galicia is halfway between both areas.

Remarks
Buffonellaria muriella was recently introduced by Berning and Kukliński (2008) for several previous European records made as Schizoporella biaperta (Michelin, 1848) and as Buffonellaria divergens (Smitt, 1873). Confirmed records of B. muriella extend from the Irish Sea to the English Channel and the Netherlands (Berning and Kukliński 2008;De Blauwe 2009), and also in the southern part of the Adriatic and perhaps Naples (Berning and Kukliński 2008). In the Iberian Peninsula there are several records of S. biaperta and B. divergens, from both the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, but without complete descriptions and SEM figures it is not possible to deduce to which species those records belong. Thus, the present record of B. muriella confirms the presence of this species in Iberian waters.
Our material (only three colonies) differs from the original description mainly by the biometries: autozooids, avicularia (both oral and frontal) and ovicells are clearly smaller in the Galician material, while primary orifices have a similar size, though also slightly smaller. Size of avicularia greatly differs from Adriatic material of the species, which presents even larger oral and frontal avicularia. However, the Galician material is similar to the Adriatic material in its smaller condyles, more ovicell ribs (frequently 17) and a less conspicuous columella in frontal avicularia. Our material could represent a combination of Atlantic and Mediterranean characters.

Description
Colony forming a small round incrustation of about 20 zooids. Autozooids oval, small, 0.264-0.294 (mean 0.279) mm long by 0.190-0.266 (mean 0.222) mm wide, separated by fine sutures. Frontal wall smooth, imperforate, except for two or three marginal pseudopores. Primary orifice broader than long, suborbicular; distal border finely denticulate. Peristome well developed, with an asymmetrical, deep U-shaped notch that may close distally, and a number of denticles in the inner side. Six oral spines, reduced to two or four in ovicellate zooids. Avicularia not present in the single colony observed. Ovicell flattened frontally, elongate, immersed by calcification of succeeding zooids, with a narrow median fissure, closed proximally. Ancestrula overgrown, not seen.

Remarks
According to Hayward and Ryland (1999) S. divisa is a rarely reported species, perhaps present only in the British Isles. However, the species was recently reported from the Netherlands by De Blauwe (2009). Therefore, the present record is the first one of S. divisa in Iberian waters, significantly expanding its geographical distribution to the south.

Etymology
Alluding to the presence of this species in Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula).

Description
Colony unilaminar, forming a crust. Autozooids oval to rhomboidal, 0.318-0.374 (mean 0.345) mm long by 0.258-0.303 (mean 0.280) mm wide, in alternating series separated by fine grooves, sometimes indistinct; frontal surface slightly convex, granular, imperforate except for up to four large marginal pores. Primary orifice as long as wide, 0.085-0.090 (mean 0.088) mm long by 0.083-0.088 (mean 0.086) mm wide; anter semicircular, with 16 closely spaced, blunt denticulations, and poster with a shallow U-shaped sinus occupying one third of the proximal margin, with large condyles reaching the edges of the sinus. Peristome well developed, with a small, quadrate pseudosinus at the proximal border. Six oral spines on the edge of the colony, generally reduced to two to four in calcified zooids, and to two in ovicellate ones. An adventitious avicularium proximolaterally to the orifice, inconstant, 0.077-0.103 (mean 0.091) mm long by 0.041-0.050 (mean 0.046) mm wide; mandible triangular, orientated laterally; foramen extensive, occupying half to two-thirds of the rostrum; cross bar fine and without columella. Vicarious avicularia smaller than the autozooids, 0.184-0.214 (mean 0.199) mm long by 0.063-0.086 (mean 0.075) mm wide, situated particularly on the edges of the colony and orientated towards the periphery; structure similar to that of the adventitious avicularia. The vicarious avicularium is more than twice the size of the adventitious avicularium (≈ 2.2 times). Ovicell partially immersed by secondary calcification, 0.192-0.195 mm long by 0.155-0.156 mm wide, imperforate, with a parallel-sided proximal fissure. An ancestrula was not observed.

Remarks
Schizotheca galaica sp. nov. is closely similar to Schizotheca carmenae Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2007b, a species described from the Azores and south Portugal. Schizotheca galaica sp. nov. differs from it most obviously by the shape of the primary orifice: in S. carmenae it is longer than wide, with anter semielliptical with about 12 roughly triangular denticulations, widely spaced, and with poster concave, without sinus, with two small round condyles (Reverter-Gil andFernández-Pulpeiro 2007b, p. 1939, fig . 4C); in S. galaica sp. nov. the primary orifice is as wide as long, with anter semicircular with about 16 closely spaced, blunt denticulations, and poster with a shallow U-shaped sinus occupying one third of the proximal margin, with large condyles reaching the edges of the sinus (Figure 6(c)). Moreover, the autozooids and the avicularia, especially the adventitious one, are smaller in S. galaica sp. nov., and the shape of the proximal fissure of the ovicell is different in both species. Schizotheca galaica sp. nov. shows some similarities with Schizotheca fissa (Busk, 1856), a species also present in Galicia, but differs most obviously by the presence of adventitious avicularia, absent in S. fissa.

Description
Colony multilaminar, forming an extensive crust. Autozooids with thick frontal shield finely granular, bordered by a single series of marginal pores. Primary orifice D-shaped, as wide as long. Distal rim with 14-19 widely spaced denticles. Proximal rim straight to shallowly concave; small rounded condyles in the proximolateral corners. No oral spines. Peristome thick and deep, but not obscuring the primary one. A stout, columnar, median suboral umbo, spiky at the apex; the umbo bears an avicularium, facing towards the orifice and directed upwards. The avicularium may be either small, with oval rostrum, placed at the basis of the umbo; or large, with triangular rostrum distally hooked. A short uncinate process projects from the base of avicularia, facing a shallow lateral notch in the peristome. Small frontal oval avicularia are sporadically budded from the marginal pores. Ovicell globular, smooth, flat frontally, projecting vertically above peristome rim. Frontal ectooecium partly membranous.

Remarks
Dentiporella saldanhai was only recently described from material collected in the Algarve (S Portugal) at 19-20 m depth (Souto et al. 2010). As far as we are aware, the species was not reported again, and therefore the present record is not only the first one of D. saldanhai for the Galician coast but also the first one since the original description of the species.

Remarks
According to Hayward and Ryland (1999), R. couchii is a widespread species distributed in the Mediterranean, ranging northwards to west Norway and the Faroes, and southwards to the Gulf of Ghana. Off the Iberian Peninsula it has been reported in several localities in the Mediterranean, while along the Atlantic coast it was recorded only in the Algarve and in deep waters in the Cantabrian Sea. In Galicia, R. couchii had only been collected more than a century ago, off the north Galician coasts, by Jullien (1882, as Retepora couchii) at 1037 m depth and by Jullien and Calvet (1903, as Sertella couchii) at 300 m depth.

Conclusions
A new species, S. galaica sp. nov., is described and new data on 18 additional species are here presented. Two species, B. muriella and S. divisa, are recorded for the first time from the Iberian Peninsula, and nine others (A. longicollis, P. curvirostris, C. planum, G. corbula, H. sciaphilum, S. mamillata, F. asturiasensis, F. barrosoi and D. saldanhai) are recorded for the first time in Galicia (NW Spain); for some of them (A. galaica, F. asturiasensis, F. barrosoi and D. saldanhai) these are also the first records since their original descriptions. Importantly, all these new data come from an area, Galicia, whose bryozoological fauna is considered to be the best known of the whole Iberian Peninsula, and one of the better known in Europe, with around 265 species known. This highlights the need to continue with systematic studies on biodiversity.
Half of the data presented here were obtained from the study of samples from the deep waters of the continental shelf, between c. 100 and 300 m, a range of depths that had barely been sampled before. Even though these depths of the continental shelf are mainly formed by sedimentary areas, which are not optimal for bryozoans, we have found 10 species here that were never found before in Galician water. This shows that small pieces of corals, shells, dead bryozoans, rocks, i.e. any substrate, can be colonised by bryozoans.
A special case is the Ría de Ferrol, from where we present three other new records (T. inopinata, G. corbula and S. divisa). This ría has been systematically surveyed since 30 years ago, and with more than 140 species, this is one of the areas with the greatest number of species per area of the entire Atlantic. Nonetheless, we continue to expect new discoveries in this area.
The general conclusion is, therefore, that it is worth continuing this work: new discoveries are still waiting.

Funding
The work of Javier Souto was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF, project number AP28954-B29). Some of the samples were collected thanks to the support of the project 'Fauna Ibérica: Briozoos II (Familia Cribrilinidae -Familia Watersiporidae)' co-financed by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spanish government) and FEDER (project number CGL2010-22267-C07-02).