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Articles

Toxic Uncertainties and Epistemic Emergence: Understanding Pesticides and Health in Lao PDR

Pages 216-230
Received 31 Oct 2019
Accepted 23 Apr 2020
Published online: 10 Jun 2020

Agrichemicals and other toxicants are now ubiquitous in both human bodies and the environment, yet public debate and scientific practice on their effects are still mired in uncertainty. Recent research in the history of science, feminist science, and technology studies has advanced ways of thinking about ignorance and uncertainty. Combined with key insights from political ecology, specifically the ontological continuity of bodies and environments and the uneven production of both knowledge and exposure, I suggest a conceptual intervention. I propose epistemic emergence—a way of thinking about the relations between forms of often situated, partial, and imperfect evidence that could be greater than the sum of their parts—as a way of working with uncertainty. Epistemic emergence pairs conventional scientific data with lay methods, takes into account the complex ecology in which exposures occur, considers how exposure interacts with social lives, and asks what forms of knowledge might make harm articulate enough for action (Liboiron 2015 Liboiron, M. 2015. Redefining pollution and action: The matter of plastics. Material Culture 21 (1):124. doi: 10.1177/1359183515622966.[Crossref] [Google Scholar]) in a particular context. Using a case study of community-based biomonitoring in upland Laos where pesticide use was near zero fifteen years ago and today risky levels of biomarkers for insecticide appear in children, I discuss what epistemic emergence might look like in practice.

农药等有毒物质在人体和环境中处处存在,然而对有毒物质危害的辩论和科学实践仍然陷在不确定性的困境中。近期的科学史、女权主义科学和技术研究中,采用了考量未知和不确定性的先进方法。结合政治生态学的主要观点,特别是人体和环境的本体延续性、知识和有毒物暴露的不均衡效果,本文提出了一个概念性的方法。本文建议采用认知突现(特定的、局部的和不完美的证据的各种形式的关联分析,其结果可能大于证据的简单叠加)来研究不确定性。认知突现将传统的科学数据和世俗方法相匹配,考虑了发生有毒物暴露的复杂生态环境,探究了有毒物暴露与社会生命的交互,回答了在特定场景下哪种知识形式对有毒物伤害的描述的清晰度能达到指导行动的水平。本文采用的案例是老挝一个山地社区的生物监测,该社区农药的使用在15年前几乎为零,而现在儿童身体里的杀虫剂含量已经达到危险水平。本文讨论了认知突现的应用。

Aunque los agroquímicos y otros tóxicos aparecen ahora ubicuos tanto en cuerpos humanos como en el medio ambiente, el debate público y la práctica científica sobre sus efectos son todavía mirados con incertidumbre. La investigación reciente sobre la historia de la ciencia, la ciencia feminista y los estudios sobre tecnología ha promovido modos de pensar acerca de la ignorancia y la incertidumbre. Combinada con visiones claves de la ecología política, específicamente la continuidad ontológica de cuerpos y entornos ambientales y la desigual producción de conocimiento y exposición, yo sugiero aquí una intervención conceptual. Propongo la emergencia epistémica ––una manera de pensar acerca de las relaciones entre las formas de evidencia a menudo situadas, parciales e imperfectas, que podrían ser más grandes que la suma de sus partes–– como una manera de trabajar con incertidumbre. La emergencia epistémica empareja los datos científicos convencionales con métodos laicos, toma en cuenta la compleja ecología en la que las exposiciones se dan, considera cómo interactúa la exposición con las vidas sociales e interroga qué formas de conocimiento podrían causar daño lo suficientemente articulado para la acción (Liboiron 2015) en un contexto particular. Usando un estudio de caso de biomonitoreo con base comunitaria en las tierras altas de Laos, donde el uso de pesticida fue cercano a cero hace quince años, y los niveles peligrosos de biomarcadores de insecticida que aparecen en niños en la actualidad, discuto cómo lucirá en la práctica la emergencia epistémica.

Acknowledgments

Becky Mansfield, Alastair Iles, Jake Kosek, Maywa Montenegro, and the Skagen III Workshop on Land and Environments all gave valuable feedback on earlier versions of this article. Mistakes and omissions are all mine.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Annie Shattuck

ANNIE SHATTUCK is an Assistant Professor of Geography at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405. E-mail: . Her research engages agrarian change, food politics, and rural health.

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