![ORCID Icon]({"type":"image","src":"/templates/jsp/_style2/_tandf/images/orcid.svg"} "ORCID Icon"){kind=small}
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-512X
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
The use of ibrutinib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other hematologic malignancies is blooming. Atrial fibrillation is a known side effect of ibrutinib but cardiomyopathy was not reported previously. We present an 88-year-old man with CLL who was admitted to the hospital with new-onset atrial fibrillation and symptomatic systolic congestive heart failure one month after ibrutinib initiation. Although ibrutinib was discontinued, the patient continues to have a low ejection fraction four months after discontinuation. Ischemic heart disease was ruled out with normal cardiac catheterization. This case highlights a possible new side effect of ibrutinib that needs to be monitored while patients receive this medication.
1. Introduction
Treatment of cancer has changed to a targeted approach, especially via inhibition of tyrosine kinases. Ibrutinib is one tyrosine kinase inhibitor. However, ibrutinib has multiple side effects. The most frequently (≥20%) reported adverse reactions include neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, nausea, rash, bruising, fatigue, pyrexia, and hemorrhage [1]. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the uncommon adverse cardiac events associated with ibrutinib use (1% to 10%). In a randomized controlled trial comparing ibrutinib and chlorambucil, 6% of ibrutinib patients developed atrial fibrillation [2]. This was supported by a recently published meta- analysis that involved 4 randomized clinical trials which showed that the pooled relative risk of AF associated with ibrutinib as compared with the comparator was 3.9 (2.0–7.5, P,.0001) [3].
Cardiomyopathy is not a well known adverse reaction to this new medication. We will present a case of systolic heart failure induced by ibrutinib that persisted despite discontinuation of ibrutinib.
2. Case presentation
An 88-year-old African American male with a history of CLL on ibrutinib and hypertension, presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of palpitations accompanied by chest discomfort, shortness of breath and fatigue. The patient reported no previous history of palpitations or chest pain. He denied similar symptoms before and has no exercise intolerance, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea or shortness of breath before this presentation. He was taking 420 mg of ibrutinib for one month prior to his presentation beside amlodipine 5 mg daily for his hypertension He denied tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol use. Cardiopulmonary examination revealed irregularly irregular heart rhythm with a rate of 125, bilateral crepitations noted on chest auscultation with bilateral limb edema. Clinical examination was not consistent with infectious etiology.
3. Investigations
His investigations showed white blood cell count of 216 K/UL (Reference: 4.0–10.8 K/UL), hemoglobin of 9.9 (Reference: 12–16 g/dL) and platelet of 161 (Reference: 130–430 K/UL). Thyroid stimulation hormone was normal. Two sets of troponin were 0.03 (Ref: 0.00–0.04 NG/ML). Urine drug screen was negative. Antinuclear antibodies were negative.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 125 but no significant ST-T changes (Figure 1).
Published online:
11 February 2019![]({"type":"image","src":"/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/zjch20/2019/zjch20.v009.i01/20009666.2018.1555432/20190301/images/medium/zjch_a_1555432_f0001_oc.jpg"})
Figure 1. EKG showing atrial fibrillation.
His Chest X-ray showed mild pulmonary congestion (Figure 2).
Published online:
11 February 2019![]({"type":"image","src":"/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/zjch20/2019/zjch20.v009.i01/20009666.2018.1555432/20190301/images/medium/zjch_a_1555432_f0002_b.gif"})
Figure 2. Chest XR showing pulmonary congestion.
Echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 30–35%, mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and no eveidence of valvular disease or stress induced cardiomyopathy.
4. Treatment
Ibrutinib was discontinued. He was managed for pulmonary edema with diuretics. Heart rate was controlled with diltiazem. The patient received apixaban as anticoagulation.
5. Outcome and follow-up
Patient symptoms started to improve gradually and he was discharged from the hospital for outpatient follow up. Repeat echocardiogram one month later showed EF of 40–45 %. Unfortunately, the patient had persistent symptoms of decompensated heart failure even though his heart rate was controlled with diltiazem, so cardiac catheterization was done to rule out ischemic heart disease and showed normal coronaries. Two repeats of the echocardiogram 4 months after initial presentation to our hospital showed persistently reduced ejection fraction of 40–45%. The cardiac evaluation he had was ten years prior to starting ibrutinib with a nuclear scan that revealed normal ventricular systolic function and normal coronaries, as well as a normal EKG and the patient denied any symptoms consistent with congestive heart failure before starting ibrutinib.
6. Discussion
Ibrutinib selectively and irreversibly inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) within B lymphocytes to block constitutively activated intracellular signaling pathways that are critical to cell migration and survival [4].
One of the pathways regulated by BTK is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. This pathway is an essential regulator of cardiac protection in stressful situations. Surgical specimens from patients with AF showed significantly lower cardiac PI3K-Akt activity than those from patients in sinus rhythm [5].
Ibrutinib is frequently used in CLL and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) after it was found to improve overall survival in clinical trials and observations [6]. It was also approved for all patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia [7].
Diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion in our case. He developed atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathy one month after starting ibrutinib.
Cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia associated with ibrutinib use were described in one case report, Systolic dysfunction resolved after ibrutinib was discontinued and ventricular tachycardia was managed by antiarrhythmic medications [8].
Another case highlighted reversible heart failure caused by concomitant use of amiodarone and ibrutinib which resolved after amiodarone was discontinued [8].
Median time to onset of atrial fibrillation after starting ibrutinib was 7.6 months [9]. Our patient took only one month to develop atrial fibrillation. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy is a relatively rare cause of a dilated cardiomyopathy resulting from prolonged periods of rapid ventricular heart rates. Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy often improves or resolves following treatment and is associated with a good prognosis in most patients. However, our patient had persistently low EF even after stopping ibrutinib.
Given this new association of ibrutinib and cardiomyopathy in our case, clinicians may need to monitor patients who receive ibrutinib for this possible side effect. Follow-up after ibrutinib initiation is essential even for asymptomatic patients to check for possible side effects including serious cardiac events.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
References
- Raedler LA Imbruvica (Ibrutinib) now FDA approved as first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma. 2017 Oncology Pharmacy Guide to New FDA Approvals. [Google Scholar]
- Burger JA, Tedeschi A, Barr PM, et al. Ibrutinib as initial therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(25):2425–2437. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Leong DP, Caron F, Hillis C, et al. The risk of atrial fibrillation with ibrutinib use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016;128(1):138–140. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Vrontikis A, Carey J, Gilreath JA, et al. Proposed algorithm for managing ibrutinib-related atrial fibrillation. Oncology (Williston Park). 2016;30(11):970–4, 980–1, C3. [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Pretorius L, Du XJ, Woodcock EA, et al. Reduced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p110alpha) activation increases the susceptibility to atrial fibrillation. Am J Pathol. 2009;175(3):998–1009. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coultre SE, et al. Three-year follow-up of treatment-na¨ıve and previously treated patients with CLL and SLL receiving single-agent ibrutinib. Blood. 2015 Apr 16;125(16):2497–2506. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Treon SP, Tripsas CK, Meid K, et al. Ibrutinib in previously treated Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1430–1440. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Wallace N, Wong E, Cooper D, et al. A case of new-onset cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia in a patient receiving ibrutinib for relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. Clin Case Rep. 2016;4(12):1120–1121. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Wiczer TE, Levine LB, Brumbaugh J, et al. Cumulative incidence, risk factors, and management of atrial fibrillation in patients receiving ibrutinib. Blood Adv. 2017;1(20):1739–1748. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]