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This study examines the formation of Hong Kong identity and its cultural articulation in Chinese identity in the post-handover years. Surveys of Hong Kong identity conducted between 1996 and 2016 demonstrate a set of interlinked yet contradictory findings: (i) the coexistence of both cultural pride in and resistance to cultural icons that represent the Chinese state; (ii) weakening correlations between China and Hong Kong regarding cultural affiliation; and (iii) the growing significance of cultural resistance to China by people who love Hong Kong. The survey results indicate the prevalence of an ambivalent identity in post-handover Hong Kong with regard to the coexistence of opposing attitudes toward Chinese identity. These results provide evidence of the complex cultural bonding between China and Hong Kong in the development of the China–Hong Kong relationship since the handover in 1997.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to different funding bodies for supporting Hong Kong Identity Studies since 1996. The latest survey was fully supported by the Centre for Communication and Public Opinion Survey under the School of Journalism and Communication at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our colleague and friend, Eric Ma, who has worked with us on this project for the past 20 years.