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Using “official” documents from the government and Boko Haram and other fundamentalist Islamic groups in Nigeria, this study examines the prognosis of the dialogue option between the Boko Haram fundamentalist Islamist group and the federal government of Nigeria. To achieve this, the study compares the stated and inferential motives of Boko Haram with Nigeria's pluralist nature and argues that insofar as Boko Haram remains an internal dialogue within Islam, especially in northern Nigeria, and an offshoot of a process derived from socioeconomic and political imbalances in contemporary Nigeria, the government could dialogue with Boko Haram on the second issue but would breach its own constitution and legal codes on the first.
Notes
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2. Elizabeth Isichei, “The Maitatsine Uprisings in Nigeria 1980–85: A Revolt of the Disinherited,” Journal of Religion in Africa 17, no. 3 (1987): 195–207.
3. T. Suleiman, “The Plot to Islamise Nigeria,” Tell Magazine, November 30, 2009, 20.
4. Christopher M. Blanchard, The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya, (Washington, DC: CRS Report for Congress, 2008), 1–6.
5. Stanley Trevor, “Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism,” Terrorism Monitor 3, no. 14 (2005): 3.
6. Suleiman, “The Plot,” 20.
7. Ibid.
8. S. Isa, “Kala-Kato: Meet Group with Yet Another Perception of Islam,” Weekly Trust, August 15, 2009, 2.
9. Isa, “Kala-Kato,” 2.
10. P. Aliyu, Y. Ruqayya, and M. Lawa, “We Will Not Vote—Darul Islam Leader,” Daily Trust, August 16, 2010, 1.
11. Da'wah Coordination Council of Nigeria, The Boko Haram Tragedy (Minna: Da'wah Coordination Council of Nigeria, 2009), 8.
12. Anonymous, “A Case Study of Boko Haram,” Journal of Religion in Africa 42 (2012): 118–144.
13. M. S. Umar, “Islamic Arguments for Western Education: Mu'azu Hadejia's Hausa Poem,” Ilmin Zamani: Islam et Societies au du Sud du Sahara 16 (2002): 85–106.
14. M. S. Umar, “Profiles of New Islamic Schools in Northern Nigeria,” The Maghreb Review 28, no. 1–2 (2003): 146–169; A. Brigagglia, “The Radio Kaduna Tafsir (1978–1992) and the Construction of Public Images of Muslim Scholars in the Nigerian Media,” Journal of Islamic Studies 27 (2007): 173–210; I. A. Tsiga, Where I Stand (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1992).
15. Anonymous, Op. cit. 118–144.
16. H. Haitham, “Shaikh Bakr Abu Zaid Passed Away,” Multaqa Ahl al Hadeeth, http://www.ahlalhdeeth.com/vbe/archive/index.php/t-1534.html (accessed January 15, 2013).
17. Suleiman, “The Plot to Islamise Nigeria.”
18. Pantami Isa Ibrahim Ali, “Sheikh Isa Ali Pantami/Suffofin Mussilmin da Allah ke so,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpJHHDE-1YE (accessed June 13, 2013).
19. Adam al-Shaykh Ja'far Mahmud, Sautin Shari'a—Rejoinders to “Boko Haram, audio compact disk, Vol. 1 (Jos: Ibzar, 2007).
20. Fantami Isa Ibrahim and Yusuf Muhammad Maiduguri, A Debate Between Mallam Isa Ibrahim Fantami and Mallam Muhammad Yusuf Maiduguri on the Status of Western Education and Working for the Government in Nigeria, audio compact disk, Vol. 3 (Jos: Ibzar, 2006).
21. Adam al-Shaykh Ja'far Mahmud, “Sautin Shari'a.”
22. I. J. Muhammad, Gift to the Great and Beloved Ones Explaining the Error of the one who Forbids Working for the Government Ruling the Land (Jos: Ibzar, 2009).
23. Adam al-Shaykh Ja'far Mahmud, Assertion and Self-Contradiction in the Critique against Western Education, audio compact disk, Vol. 1 (Jos: Ibzar, 2007).
24. Yusuf al-Maiduguriyyu Abu Yusuf Muhammad, This is Our Creed and Our Method of Preaching, audio compact disk, Vol. 4 (Maktabat al-Ghuraba’ Li'l-Ta b'i wa al-Nashar wa al-Tawzi), n.a.
25. Adam al-Shaykh Ja'far Mahmud, Assertion and Self-Contradiction.
26. Oral interview with Alhaji Opeloyeru, CEO Gbajumo Records, Oshogbo (January 13, 2013).
27. Solomon Hussein, “Governance Reforms May Be More Effective Than Military in Countering Boko Haram,” http://africacenter.org/2013/04/governance-reforms-may-be-more-effective-than-military-in-countering-boko-haram-south-african-professor-tells-acss/ (accessed April 16, 2013).
28. A. A. Laurence, “Regional Security Cooperation in the Maghreb and Sahel: Algeria's Pivotal Ambivalence,” Africa Security Brief 18 (February 2012): 7.
29. Peter Pham, “Boko Haram's Evolving Threat,” Africa Security Brief 20 (April 2012): 6.
30. Solomon Hussein, “Governance Reforms.”
31. P. Collier and N. Sambanis, Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis, Vol. 2, (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005), xiii.
32. Collier and Sambanis, Understanding Civil War.
33. C. Obinechie, “Boko Haram Amnesty: Pressure Mounts on Jonathan,” The Sun, April 5, 2013, 1–2.
34. N. E. Danjibo, “Islamic Fundamentalism and Sectarian Violence: The Maitatsine and Boko-Haram Crises in Northern Nigeria,” Peace and Conflict Studies Paper Series (Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 2009), 192.
35. Ibid.
36. Edukugho Emmanuel, “Boko Haram: Tallying Casualties of the Insurgency,” Vanguard, December 1, 2012, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/12/boko-haram-tallying-casualties-of-the-insurgency (accessed August 4, 2013).
37. Ayansina Caleb, “Boko Haram Still Killing Christians—CAN,” Vanguard, May 31, 2013, http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/boko-haram-still-killing-christians-can (accessed August 4, 2013).
38. Our Reporter, “Catholic Church Pulls Out of CAN,” Vanguard Newspaper, January 24, 2013, 1.
39. Oyeniyi B. Adeyemi, Internal Migration in Nigeria: A Positive Contribution to Human Development (Brussels: ACP Observatory on Migration, 2013), 16.
40. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact Book, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html (accessed 28 March 2013).
41. World Economic Outlook, Unemployment Rate in Nigeria, http://www.world-economic-outlook.findthedata.org/m/l/4135/Nigeria (accessed April 14, 2013).
42. Oyeniyi B. Adeyemi, “Glocalization of Terrorism in West Africa,” Research on Islam and Muslims in Africa (RIMA) Occasional Papers 1, no. 4: 1–25 (2013).
43. Our Reporter, “Boko Haram Has Infiltrated My Government, Says Jonathan,” Premium Times, March 12, 2012, 2.
44. Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi, “Political Narratives as Historical Realities: Is Jos Conflict an Ethno-religious Conflict?” in Albert Isaac Olawale (ed.), A History of Social Conflict Management in Nigeria (Nigeria: Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 2012), 196–217.
45. Solomon Hussein, “Governance Reforms.”
46. National Counterterrorism Center, “Counterterrorism 2013 Calendar: Boko Haram,” http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/boko_haram.html (accessed August 9, 2013).
47. Marama Ndahi and Odiogor Hugo, “Boko Haram: We Did Not Declare Ceasefire—Shekau,” This Day, March 4, 2013, 1–3.
48. News, “Shekau Denies Boko Haram Ceasefire,” http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/shekau-denies-boko-haram-ceasefire/153273 (accessed August 9, 2013).