1. George Michael, Confronting Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA (New York: Routledge, 2003).

2. Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, and Michael J. Suttmoeller, “The Organizational Dynamics of Far-right Hate Groups in the United States: Comparing Violent and Non-Violent Organizations,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36 (2013), pp. 193–218.

3. Greg W. Etter, “Security Threat Groups: The Threat Posed by White Supremacist Organizations,” in Lynne L. Snowden and Bradley C. Whitsel, eds., Terrorism: Research, Readings, and Realities (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005), pp. 303–328.

4. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Office of University Programs, Science and Technology Directorate, Understanding Law Enforcement Intelligence Processes. By David Carter, Steve Chermak, Jeremy Carter, and Jack Drew. College Park, MD: START, 2014. Available at http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_UnderstandingLawEnforcementIntelligenceProcesses_July2014.pdf (accessed September 2014).

5. Heidi Beirich and Mark Potok, “Alleged Sikh Temple Shooter Former Member of Skinhead Band” (2012). Available at www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/alleged-sikh-temple-shooter-former-member-of-skinhead-band (accessed January 2015).

6. Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, and Joseph Simone Jr., “Surveying American State Police Agencies about Lone Wolves, Far-Right Criminality, and Far-Right and Islamic Jihadist Criminal Collaboration,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33(2010), pp. 1019–1041; Etter, “Security Threat Groups,” pp. 303–328; Joshua D. Freilich, Steven M. Chermak, and David Caspi, “Critical Events in the Life Trajectories of Domestic Extremist White Supremacist Groups: A Case Study Analysis of Four Violent Organizations,” Criminology and Public Policy 8 (2009), pp. 497–530; Joshua D. Freilich, Steven M. Chermak, and Joseph Simone Jr., “Surveying American State Police Agencies about Terrorism Threats, Terrorism Sources, and Terrorism Definitions,” Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (2009), pp. 450–475.

7. Chermak et al., “Surveying American State Police about Lone Wolves,” pp. 1019–1041; Freilich et al., “Surveying American State Police about Terrorism,” pp. 450–475.

8. Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 193–218; Joshua D. Freilich et al., “Introducing the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB),” Terrorism and Political Violence 26 (2014), pp. 372–384.

9. Freilich et al., “Critical Events in the Life,” pp. 497–530.

10. Seth G. Jones and Martin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2008); S. Brock Blomberg, Rozlyn C. Engel, and Reid Sawyer, “On the Duration and Sustainability of Transnational Terrorist Organizations,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 54 (2010), pp. 303–330.

11. David C. Rapoport, “Terrorism,” in M. E. Hawksworth and Maurice Kogan, eds., Encyclopedia of Government and Politics, Vol. II (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 1061–1082; Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 193–218.

12. Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 193–218.

13. Pete Simi, Radicalization and Recruitment among Right-Wing Terrorists. An Exploratory Approach (Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, 2009).

14. John Argenti, Corporate Collapse: The Causes and Symptoms (London: McGraw-Hill, 1976).

15. Andrew Silke, “Contemporary Terrorism Studies: Issues in Research,” in Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth, and Jeroen Gunning, eds., Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 34–48.

16. David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: The Free Press, 1990).

17. Jonathan I. Klein, Corporate Failure by Design: Why Organizations are Built to Fail (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2000).

18. Blomberg et al., “On the Duration,” pp. 303–330; Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 193–218; Rapoport, “Terrorism,” pp. 1061–1082.

19. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).

20. Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 193–218.

21. Audrey Kurth Cronin, “How al-Qaida ends: The Decline and Demise of Terrorist Groups,” International Security 31 (2006), pp. 7–48; Audrey KurthCronin, How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009); Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

22. Cronin. “How al-Qaida Ends,” pp. 7–48; Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

23. Clark McCauley, “Group Desistance from Terrorism: A Dynamic Perspective,” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 1 (2008), pp. 269–293; Joseph F. Murphy and Coby V. Meyers, Turning around Failing Schools: Leadership Lessons from the Organizational Sciences (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008); United States Institute of Peace, How Terrorism Ends (1999) Available at www.usip.org (accessed July 2014).

24. McCauley, “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293.

25. Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools, p. 75.

26. Stacia Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of the Economic Downturn, Immigrants, and Political Representation on the White Supremacist Group Organization in the United States,” Sociological Focus 44 (2011), pp. 255–279; Nella Van Dyke and Sarah A. Soule, “Structural Social Change and the Mobilizing Effect of Threat: Explaining Levels of Patriot and Militia Organizing in the United States,” Social Problems 49 (2002), pp. 497–520.

27. Brent L. Smith, Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).

28. Jeffrey Ian Ross, “Structural Causes of Oppositional Political Terrorism: Towards a Causal Model,” Journal of Peace Research 30 (1993), pp. 317–329.

29. Philip N. Jefferson and Frederic L. Pryor, “On the Geography of Hate,” Economic Letters 65 (1999), pp. 389–395.

30. Jaison R. Abel, Todd M. Gabe, and Kevin Stolarick, Workforce Skills across the Urban-Rural Hierarchy. (2012). Available at http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr552.pdf (accessed July 2014).

31. Richard Florida. “The Geography of Hate,” The Atlantic (2011). Available at http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/05/the-geography-of-hate/238708/ (accessed January 2015).

32. Jeffrey Kaplan and Leonard Weinburg, The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Smith, Terrorism in America.

33. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

34. Florida, “The Geography of Hate.”

35. John Freeman, Glenn R. Carroll, and Michael T. Hannan, “The Liability of Newness: Age Dependence in Organizational Death Rates,” American Sociological Review 48 (1983), pp. 692–710.

36. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, “The Ecology of Organizational Mortality: American Labor Unions, 1836–1985,” American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988), pp. 25–52.

37. Edward Crenshaw, Kristopher Robison, and J. Craig Jenkins, “The Organizational Ecology of Terror: How Local, National, and Supranational Environments influence the Longevity of Terrorist Organizations” (paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, Las Vegas, August 2011).

38. Argenti, Corporate Collapse; Charles W. L. Hill and Frank T. Rothaermel, “The Performance of Incumbent Firms in the Face of Radical Technological Innovation,” Academy of Management Review 28 (2003), pp. 257–274; Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools.

39. Hill and Rothaermel, “The Performance of Incumbent,” pp. 257–274.

40. Maura Conway. “Terrorism and the Internet: New Media-New Threat?,” Parliamentary Affairs 59 (2006), pp. 283–298; Gabriel Weimann, WWW.terror.net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2004); Gabriel Weimann. Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2006).

41. Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools.

42. W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992).

43. Cronin. “How al-Qaida Ends,” pp. 7–48; Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Audrey Kurth Cronin, “How Terrorist Campaigns End,” in Tore Bjorgo and John Horgan, eds., Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 49–65; Dipak K. Gupta, Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence: The Life Cycle of Birth, Growth, Transformation, and Demise (New York: Routledge, 2008); Christopher C. Harmon, Terrorism Today (New York: Routledge, 2008); Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End; Assaf Moghadam, “Failure and Disengagement in the Red Army Faction,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 35(2012), pp. 156–181; Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, Concepts of Terrorism; Analysis of the Rise, Decline, Trends and Risk (2008). Available at www.transnationalterrorism.edu (accessed July 2014); United States Institute of Peace, How Terrorism Ends.

44. Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

45. Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools.

46. Argenti, Corporate Collapse; Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools.

47. Stuart Slatter, Corporate Turnaround: A Guide to Turnaround Management (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1984).

48. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

49. Joshua D. Freilich, American Militias: State-Level Variations in Militia Activities (New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing, 2003); Rory McVeigh, “Structured Ignorance and Organized Racism in the United States,” Social Forces 82 (2004), pp. 895–936.

50. McVeigh, “Structured Ignorance,” pp. 895–936.

51. Howard E. Aldrich, Organizations and Environments (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979).

52. Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1978).

53. Sidney Tarrow, “States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements,” in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 41–61.

54. Hanspeter Kriesi, “The Organizational Structure of New Social Movements in a Political Context,” in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 152–184.

55. William D. Berry, Evan J. Ringquist, Richard C. Fording, and Russell L. Hanson, “Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States, 1960–93,” American Journal of Political Science 42 (1998), pp. 327–348; Gilliard-Matthews. “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

56. Berry et al., “Measuring Citizen,” pp. 327–348; Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

57. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

58. Kent Layne Oots, “Organizational Perspectives on the Formation and Disintegration of Terrorist Groups,” Terrorism 12(1989), pp. 139–152.

59. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

60. Argenti, Corporate Collapse; Donald B. Bibeault, Corporate Turnaround: How Managers Turn Losers into Winners (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982); Robert D. Boyle and Harsha B. Desai, “Turnaround Strategies for Small Firms,” Journal of Small Business Management 29(1991), pp. 33–42.

61. Arthur Stinchcombe, “Organizations and Social Structures,” in James G. Marsh, ed., Handbook of Organizations (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), p. 148.

62. Stinchcombe, “Organizations and Social Structure,” pp. 142–193.

63. Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

64. John Horgan, Walking Away From Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements (New York: Routledge, 2009); Oots, “Organizational Perspectives,” pp. 139–152.

65. Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

66. Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Rex. A. Hudson, The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why? (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1999); McCauley “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293.

67. Freilich et al., “Critical Events in the Life,” pp. 497–530; Hudson, The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism; McCauley “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293; Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, Concepts of Terrorism.

68. Mark Hager, Joseph Galaskiewicz, Wolfgang Bielefeld, and Joel Pins, “Tales from the Grave: Organization's Accounts of Their Own Demise,” in Helmut K. Anheier, ed., When Things Go Wrong: Organizational Failures and Breakdowns (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1999), pp. 51–69.

69. Argenti, Corporate Collapse.

70. Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Oots, “Organizational Perspectives,” pp. 139–152.

71. Horgan, Walking Away From Terrorism; Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End; McCauley “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293; Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, Concepts of Terrorism.

72. See Oots, “Organizational Perspectives,” pp. 139–152.

73. Cronin, How Terrorism Ends.

74. Oots, “Organizational Perspectives,” pp. 139–152.

75. Cronin. “How al-Qaida Ends,” pp. 7–48; Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

76. Rapoport, “Terrorism,” pp. 1061–1082; Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

77. Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

78. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Hate Map.” Available at http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-map (accessed January 2015); Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich, and Zachary Shemtob, “Law Enforcement Training and the Domestic Far Right,” Criminal Justice and Behavior 36(2009), pp. 1305–1322.

79. Chip Berlet and Stanislav Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White Supremacist Groups,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34(2006), pp. 11–48.

80. Timothy G. Baysinger, “Right-Wing Group Characteristics and Ideology,” Homeland Security Affairs 2(2006), pp. 1–19; Jeffrey Kaplan, “Right-Wing Violence in North America,” Terrorism and Political Violence 7(1995), pp. 44–95.

81. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White,” pp. 11–48; Stanislav Vysotsky, “Understanding the Racist Right in the Twenty-First Century: A Typology of Modern White Supremacist Organizations” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, 2004).

82. Hanspeter Kriesi, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco G. Giugni, New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).

83. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White,” pp. 11–48; Betty A. Dobratz, “The Role of Religion in the Collective Identity of the White Racialist Movement,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40(2001), pp. 287–302.

84. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U.S. White,” p. 21.

85. Ibid., pp. 21–22.

86. Ibid., p. 27.

87. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White,” p. 27; Robert Futrell and Pete Simi, “Free Spaces, Collective Identity, and Persistence of U. S. White Power Activism,” Social Problems 51(2004), pp. 16–42.

88. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White,” p. 30.

89. Ibid., pp. 31–33.

90. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White,” pp. 11–48.

91. Joshua D. Freilich, Steven D. Chermak, Roberta Belli, Jeff Gruenewald, and William S. Parkin, “Introducing the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB),” Terrorism and Political Violence 26(2014), pp. 372–284.

92. See Steven D. Chermak, Searching for a Demon: The Media Construction of the Militia Movement (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002); Joshua D. Freilich and William A. Pridemore, “Mismeasuring Militias: Limitations of Advocacy Group Data and State-Level Studies of Paramilitary Groups,” Justice Quarterly 23(2006), pp. 147–162.

93. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Hate Map”; Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 193–218.

94. Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” pp. 201–202.

95. Ibid., p. 202.

96. See Center for International Development and Conflict Management, “Minorities at Risk: Organizational Behavior,” 2008. Available at http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/data/marob/me_marob_sept08_codebook.pdf (accessed July 2014).

97. Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” p. 202.

98. Ibid., p. 202.

99. Ibid., p. 202.

100. Ibid., p. 202.

101. Center for International Development and Conflict Management, “Minorities at Risk.”

102. Abel et al., Workforce Skills; Florida. “The Geography of Hate”; Kaplan and Weinburg, The Emergence of a Euro-American; Smith, Terrorism in America.

103. Crenshaw et al., “The Organizational Ecology of Terror.”

104. Berry et al., “Measuring Citizen,” pp. 327–348; Gilliard-Matthews. “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 255–279.

105. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” p. 263.

106. Ibid., p. 263.

107. Ibid.

108. Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Horgan, Walking Away From Terrorism; Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End; McCauley “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293; Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, Concepts of Terrorism.

109. Chermak et al., “The Organizational Dynamics,” p. 205.

110. Berlet and Vysotsky, “Overview of U. S. White,” p. 17.

111. Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Freilich et al. “Critical Events in the Life,” pp. 497–530; Christopher Hewitt, Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda (New York: Routledge, 2003); Hudson, The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism; McCauley “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293; Moghadam. “Failure and Disengagement,” pp.156–181; Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, Concepts of Terrorism.

112. All models in were subjected to collinearity diagnostics. All variable inflation factors (VIF) were less than 2.5.

113. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 267–271.

114. Ibid., pp. 267–271; Mark S. Hamm, Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond (New York: New York University Press, 2007).

115. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 267–271.

116. Conway, “Terrorism and the Internet,” pp. 283–298; Weimann, WWW.terror.net; Weimann, Terror on the Internet.

117. Peter R. Neumann, “Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36(2013), pp. 431–459; Robin L. Thompson, “Radicalization and the use of Social Media,” Journal of Strategic Security 4(2011), pp. 167–190.

118. Cronin, How Terrorism Ends; Horgan, Walking Away From Terrorism; Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End; McCauley “Group Desistance,” pp. 269–293; Oots, “Organizational Perspectives,” pp. 139–152; Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, Concepts of Terrorism.

119. Hager et al., “Tales from the Grave,” pp. 51–69.

120. Jones and Libicki, How Terrorist Groups End.

121. Danny Miller, “Common Syndromes of Business Failure,” Business Horizons 20(1977), pp. 43–53; Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools; Dan E. Schendel, Richard Patton, and James Riggs, “Corporate Turnaround Strategies: A Study of Profit and Decline,” Journal of General Management 3(1976), pp. 3–11; Matthew L. Schuchman and Jerry S. White, The Art of the Turnaround: How to Rescue your Troubled Business from Creditors, Predators, and Competitors (New York: American Management Association, 1995); Slatter, Corporate Turnaround; Frederick M. Zimmerman, The Turnaround Experience: Real-world Lessons in Revitalizing Corporations (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991).

122. Conway. , “Terrorism and the Internet,” pp. 283—298; Weimann, WWW.terror.net; Weimann, Terror on the Internet.

123. Gilliard-Matthews, “The Impact of Economic Downturn,” pp. 267–271.

124. Randy Blazak, “White Boys to Terrorist Men: Target Recruitment of Nazi Skinheads,” American Behavioral Scientist 44(2001), pp. 982–1000.

125. Hewitt, Understanding Terrorism in America, pp. 23–52.

126. Laura Dugan and Erica Chenoweth, “Moving beyond Deterrence: The Effectiveness of Raising the Expected Utility of Abstaining from Terrorism in Israel,” American Sociological Review 77(2012), pp. 597–624.

127. Murphy and Meyers, Turning Around Failing Schools.

128. Ibid.

129. Ibid.

130. Ibid.

131. Ibid.

132. Ibid.

133. Ibid.

134. Ibid.

135. Ibid.

136. Hager et al., “Tales from the Grave” pp. 51-69.