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Abstract
At the end of World War II, the United States and the United Kingdom continued their intelligence-sharing efforts by signing the British-U.S. Communication Agreement, later renamed UKUSA. The purpose of the agreement was to streamline the intelligence-sharing process between the two nations in order to better handle global threats, most notably the Soviet Union. The addition of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand led to what is now known as the Five Eyes Alliance. Despite its global reach and close collaboration, the Five Eyes Alliance is constrained by its small membership and overburdened by current and developing global issues that need constant, up-to-date intelligence to address them. Therefore, it could be advantageous for the Five Eyes Alliance to consider expanding its membership to include Germany, France, and South Korea. This article provides a background for understanding the historical evolution of the UKUSA agreement, examining its advantages and disadvantages, before advocating for the addition of Germany, France, and South Korea to the alliance because the benefits of their membership would outweigh any potential disadvantages.
Notes
1 Margaret Warner, “An Exclusive Club: The 5 Countries That Don’t Spy On Each Other,” PBS News Hour, October 25, 2013, www.pbs.org/newshour/world/an-exclusive-club-the-five-countries-that-dont-spy-on-each-other (accessed October 31, 2017).
2 Privacy International, “The Five Eyes,”, www.privacyinternational.org/node/51 (accessed October 27, 2017).,
3 Ibid.
4 U.S. State Army Navy, “Britain-US Communication Intelligence Agreement,” March 5, 1946. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, 3.
5 Ibid., 4.
6 Ibid., 5.
7 Ibid., 6.
8 Ibid., 8.
9 The United States Communications Intelligence Board, “UK-US Communications Intelligence Agreement,” May 10, 1955. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, 1.
10 Thomas L. Burns, The Origins of the National Security Agency 1940–1952, 1990 (3109065) [Electronic Record]; Center for Cryptologic History; National Security Agency, Vol. 1, 59.
11 “UK-US Communications Intelligence Agreement,” 2.
12 Ibid., 5.
13 James Cox, “Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community,” Canadian Defense and Foreign Affairs Institute, 2012: 4.
14 Privacy International, “The Five Eyes.”
15 Duncan Campbell, “Australia First to Admit We’re Part of Global Surveillance System,” Heise Online, May 28, 1999, www.heise.de/tp/features/Australia-first-to-admit-we-re-part-of-global-surveillance-system-3440779.html (accessed November 1, 2017).
16 Jason Hanna, “What Is the Five Eyes Intelligence Pact?” CNN, May 26, 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/05/25/world/uk-us-five-eyes-intelligence-explainer/index.html (accessed November 4, 2017).
17 Ibid.
18 Privacy International, “The Five Eyes.”
19 Nick Hopkins, “From Turing to Snowden: How US-UK Pact Forged Modern Surveillance,” The Guardian, December 2, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/02/turing-snowden-transatlantic-pact-modern-surveillance (accessed November 4, 2017).
20 Privacy International, “The Five Eyes.”
21 John Adams, Former Chief, Communications Security Establishment Canada and now Skelton-Clark Fellow, School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, interview, August 28, 2012.
22 Cox, “Canada and the Five Eyes,” 6.
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53 James Rogers, “European (British and French) Geostrategy in the Indo-Pacific,” Journal of the Indian Ocean Region 9, no. 1 (2013): 70.
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55 Desmond Ball, “Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) in South Korea,” Strategic and Defense Studies Centre Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Canberra, (1995): abstract.
56 Ibid., 53.
57 Philip Dorling, “Singapore, South Korea Revealed as Five Eyes Spying Partners,” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 25, 2013, www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/singapore-south-korea-revealed-as-five-eyes-spying-partners-20131124-2y433.html (accessed November 3, 2017).