1. Malcolm Browne, The New Face of War (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 175.

2. Browne, The New Face of War, 177.

3. Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites, “Public Identity and Collective Memory in US Iconic Photography: The Image of ‘Accidental Napalm,’” Critical Studies in Media Communication 20 (2003): 35–66. According to Hariman and Lucaites, photojournalistic icons are “photographic images appearing in print, electronic, or digital media that are widely recognized and remembered, are understood to be representations of historically significant events, activate strong emotional identification or response, and are reproduced across a range of media, genres, or topics.” See Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites, No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 27.

4. See Marita Sturken, Tangled memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS epidemic, and the politics of remembering (Berkeley: University of California, 1997), 55; Sallie King, “They who burned themselves for peace: Quaker and Buddhist self-immolators during the Vietnam War,” Buddhist-Christian Studies 20 (2000): 127–50; and Yun-hua Jan, “Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China,” History of Religions 4 (1965): 243–68.

5. See George Dionisopoulos and Lisa Skow, “A Struggle to Contextualize Photographic Images: American Print Media and the ‘Burning Monk,’” Communication Quarterly 45 (1997): 393–409.

6. Hariman and Lucaites, “Public Identity and Collective Memory in US Iconic Photography,” 55.

7. Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites, “Dissent and Emotional Management in A Liberal-Democratic Society: The Kent State Iconic Photograph,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 31 (2001): 7.

8. For example, although the immolations of Americans Alice Herz, Norman Morrison, Roger LaPorte, Celene Jankowski, Florence Beaumont, and George Winne were not captured on film, they reportedly left an indelible impression on witnesses according to first hand accounts reported in the New York Times. In reporting the fiery deaths, newspapers also circulated the immolations to a larger public, which became aware of the individuals’ actions and the motivations that compelled them to burn.

9. Barbie Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” in Framing Public Memory, ed. Kendall R. Phillips (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004), 158.

10. Browne, The New Face of War, 180.

11. While Western immolators had complex motives, at least six of the immolators were documented by newspapers as being at least partially driven to burn as a protest against the war in Vietnam. See Associated Press, “Mother Attempts Suicide by Burning,” New York Times, November 12, 1965, 3; David R. Jones, “Woman, 82, Sets Herself Afire in Street as Protest on Vietnam,” New York Times, March 18, 1965, 3; Thomas Buckley, “Man, 22, Immolates Himself In Antiwar Protest at U.N.,” New York Times, November 10, 1965, 1; “War Critic Burns Himself to Death Outside Pentagon,” New York Times, November 3, 1965, 1; and Harold Keen, “San Diego Student Who Set Self Afire in War Protest Dies,” Los Angeles Times, May 12, 1970, 3.

12. Daniel Hallin, The “Uncensored War:” The Media and Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 29.

13. See John Hohenberg, Foreign Correspondence: The Great Reporters and Their Times (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995), 272; and David Halberstam, “The Role of Journalists in Vietnam: A Reporter's Perspective,” in Vietnam Reconsidered: Lessons from a War, ed. Harrison E. Salisbury and Larry Ceplair (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 113.

14. Morley Safer, “How to Lose a War: A Response from a Broadcaster,” in Vietnam Reconsidered, 161.

15. Malcolm Browne, “Viet Nam reporting: three years of crisis,” Columbia Journalism Review, Fall (1964): 6. For further discussion of Browne's dissatisfaction with the Kennedy administration's attempts to keep US involvement in Vietnam secret, see Malcolm Browne, Muddy Boots and Red Socks: A Reporter's Life (New York: Times Books, 1993), 95.

16. Hohenberg, Foreign Correspondence, 271.

17. Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 375.

18. Phillip Knightley, “How To Lose a War: A Response from a Print Historian,” in Vietnam Reconsidered, 155.

19. Hohenberg, Foreign Correspondence, 271.

20. Hohenberg, Foreign Correspondence, 271.

21. Hallin, The “Uncensored War,” 43.

22. Hallin, The “Uncensored War,” 42.

23. Hohenberg, Foreign Correspondence, 273.

24. Hohenberg, Foreign Correspondence, 273.

25. Clarence R. Wyatt, Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993), 103.

26. Browne, Muddy Boots and Red Socks, 98.

27. Browne, “Viet Nam Reporting,” 5.

28. Browne, “Viet Nam Reporting,” 5.

29. Susan D. Moeller, Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat (New York: Basic Books, 1989), 390.

30. Moeller, Shooting War, 372.

31. Moeller, Shooting War, 394.

32. Moeller, Shooting War, 387.

33. For discussions of the Kennedy administration's attempts to influence press coverage during the Vietnam War, see Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 234–35; and Knightley, The First Casualty, 376.

34. Vicki Goldberg, The Power of Photography: How Photographers Changed Our Lives (New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1993), 212.

35. Moeller, Shooting War, 404.

36. Hallin, The “Uncensored War,” 46.

37. Hallin, The “Uncensored War,” 48.

38. King, “They who burned themselves for peace,” 129.

39. Jan, “Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China,” 246.

40. Jan, “Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China,” 256.

41. Jan, “Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China,” 252.

42. Carl-Martin Edsman, “Fire,” in The Encyclopedia of World Religions, ed. Mircea Eliade (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 340–46.

43. Marilyn Harran, “Suicide,” in The Encyclopedia of World Religions, 129.

44. Russell McCutcheon, Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 176.

45. Malcolm Browne, “The Burning Monk,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 12, 1963.

46. Browne, The New Face of War, 179.

47. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 159.

48. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 159.

49. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 163.

50. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 167.

51. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 178–79.

52. Ekaterina Haskins, “Between Archive and Participation: Public Memory in a Digital Age,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 37 (2007): 418.

53. Kevin Jones, Kenneth Zagacki, and Todd Lewis, “Communication, Liminality, and Hope: The September 11^th Missing Person Posters,” Communication Studies 58 (2007): 110.

54. Michael Biggs, “Dying for a cause—alone?” Contexts 7 (2008): 26.

55. Karin Andriolo, “The Twice-Killed: Imagining Protest Suicide,” American Anthropologist 108 (2006): 102.

56. Biggs, “Dying for a cause—alone?,” 26.

57. Biggs, “Dying for a cause—alone?,” 26.

58. David Halberstam qtd. in Manufacturing Religion, 168.

59. Hariman and Lucaites, “Public Identity and Collective Memory in US Iconic Photography,” 55.

60. Hariman and Lucaites, “Public Identity and Collective Memory in US Iconic Photography,” 56–57.

61. Hariman and Lucaites, “Public Identity and Collective Memory in US Iconic Photography,” 56.

62. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 167.

63. Browne qtd. in Reporting America at War: An Oral History, ed. Michelle Ferrari and James Tobin (New York: Hyperion, 2003), 102.

64. Browne qtd. in Reporting America at War, 102.

65. Rita Felski, Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 12.

66. Erik Doxtader, “In the Name of Reconciliation,” in Counter publics and the State, ed. Robert Asen and Daniel Brouwer (New York: State University of New York Press, 2001), 65.

67. Doxtader, “In the Name of Reconciliation,” 65.

68. Browne, The New Face of War, 180.

69. Malcolm Browne qtd. in Reporting America at War, 101.

70. Malcolm Browne qtd. in Reporting America at War, 101.

71. Goldberg, The Power of Photography, 212.

72. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 165.

73. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 165.

74. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, too, Protest,” New York Times, September 15, 1963, 191.

75. Hariman and Lucaites, “Dissent and Emotional Management in A Liberal-Democratic Society,” 7.

76. Biggs, “Dying for a cause—alone?,” 26.

77. Biggs, “Dying for a cause—alone?,” 27.

78. Biggs, “Dying for a cause—alone?,” 27.

79. Andriolo, “The Twice-Killed,” 107.

80. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 164.

81. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 167.

82. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 167.

83. Zelizer, “The Voice of the Visual in Memory,” 167.

84. See Barbie Zelizer, About to Die: How News Images Move the Public (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

85. Hariman and Lucaites, No Caption Needed, 36.

86. Hariman and Lucaites, No Caption Needed, 33–34.

87. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, Too, Protest,” 191.

88. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, too, Protest,” 191.

89. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, too, Protest,” 191.

90. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, too, Protest,” 191.

91. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, too, Protest,” 191.

92. Ministers' Vietnam Committee, “We, too, Protest,” 191.

93. See “Burning Monk (Thich Quang Duc),” Facebook, January 3, 2009, http://www.facebook.com/pages/Burning-Monk-Thich-¹ Quang-Duc/41833231943 (accessed July 10, 2009).

94. See “Burning Monk—The Self-Immolation [1963],” World's Famous Photos, May 2, 2007, http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/burning-monk-the-self-immolation-1963.html (accessed July 10, 2009); and “Burning Monk,” Photos that Changed the World, July 14, 2008, http://photosthatchangedtheworld.com/burning-monk (accessed July 10, 2009).

95. King, “They who burned themselves for peace,” 133.