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Articles

Changes to California Alfalfa Production and Perceptions during the 2011–2017 Drought

Pages 628-641
Received 10 Dec 2021
Accepted 27 Feb 2022
Published online: 11 Jul 2022
 

California experienced a severe multiyear drought stretching from 2011 through 2017, significantly reducing surface water supply for ecosystems, agriculture, and humans and prompting coordinated conservation efforts. Given that agriculture is the largest consumptive use of water in the state, one anticipated response to a severe drought would be to decrease production of low-value, high-water-use crops such as alfalfa. In this article we use a multimethod approach to examine both spatial distribution and public perceptions of alfalfa production in California over the course of the 2011 through 2017 drought. We find that although California alfalfa production did decline at the state level, it persisted and even increased in specific areas of the state. We also find that alfalfa persisted even though discourses and understandings that were critical of alfalfa production emerged in public forums during this time. We situate these findings within a broader context of California’s water management system, which meant that in practice, infrastructure and water rights allocation practices left many growers with little incentive to change growing practices, even in the face of serious meteorological drought.

2011到2017年, 美国加利福尼亚州经历了严重的跨年度干旱, 生态系统、农业和人类的地表水供应受到显著影响, 这也促进了协作保护的工作。由于农业是加利福尼亚州最大的用水部门, 减少苜蓿等低价值、高水耗农作物的产量是严重干旱的一项应对措施。采用一种多方法的途径, 我们研究了2011至2017年干旱期间加利福尼亚州苜蓿产量的空间分布和公众认知。我们发现, 尽管加利福尼亚州的苜蓿产量在整体上确实有所下降, 但某些地区的苜蓿产量持平甚至有所增加。我们还发现, 尽管这一时期的公共论坛上出现了批评苜蓿生产的言论和理解, 但苜蓿依然存在。我们将这些发现置于加利福尼亚州水管理系统的大背景下。在实践中, 即使面临严重的气象干旱, 基础设施和水权分配行为使许多种植者缺乏改变种植方法的动力。

California experimentó una severa sequía multianual desde el 2011 hasta el 2017, reduciendo significativamente el suministro hídrico superficial para los ecosistemas, la agricultura y los seres humanos, lo cual dio lugar a esfuerzos coordinados de conservación. Dado que la agricultura es el recurso de mayor consumo en el estado, una respuesta anticipada a una sequía severa podría ser reducir la producción de cultivos de valor bajo y alto consumo de agua, como ocurre con la alfalfa. En este artículo usamos un enfoque multimétodo para examinar tanto la distribución espacial como las percepciones públicas del cultivo de alfalfa en California, durante la sequía que se extendió de 2011 a 2017.Encontramos que, aunque la producción de alfalfa declinó allí a nivel estatal, persistió e incluso aumentó en cierto grado en áreas californianas específicas. También descubrimos que la alfalfa persistió a pesar de que en los foros públicos surgieron discursos y entendimientos críticos de la producción de alfalfa durante este tiempo. Situamos estos descubrimientos dentro de un contexto más amplio del sistema de manejo del agua de California, lo cual significó que en términos de gestión, las prácticas de asignación de derechos del agua e infraestructura dejaron a muchos agricultores con pocos incentivos para cambiar las prácticas de cultivo, incluso frente a una seria sequía meteorológica.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Jacque (Jody) Emel for initial conversations that inspired this work. We thank our lab group, particularly Noel Vineyard and Alexander Ross, for discussing and reviewing early versions of this work. We thank the journal editor and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback.

Additional information

Funding

Work reported in this publication was supported by the National Institutes of Health Common Fund and Office of Scientific Workforce Diversity under three linked awards—RL5GM118963, TL4GM118965, and UL1GM118964—administered by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. The work is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the National Institutes of Health.

Notes on contributors

Alida Cantor

ALIDA CANTOR is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201. E-mail: . Her research interests include water resource management in the Western United States, legal geography, and political ecology.

Bethani Turley

BETHANI TURLEY is a PhD Student in the Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201. E-mail: . Her research interests include political ecologies of energy transitions in the United States.

Charles Cody Ross

CHARLES CODY ROSS is currently a GIS Analyst for the State of Alaska, formerly an undergraduate research assistant in the Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201. E-mail: . His research interests include agricultural biogeochemistry and the development of GIS models to predict suitable areas for urban and suburban agricultural production.

Mathern Glass

MATHERN GLASS is an Undergraduate Student studying Anthropology and Psychology and a BUILD EXITO Research Scholar, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201. E-mail: . His research interests include how cultures adapt their cuisines to new environments and science communication.

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