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Indonesian Politics in 2016

Jokowi and the New Developmentalism

Pages 297-320
Published online: 15 Feb 2017
 

Indonesia’s president, Joko Widodo (Jokowi), made a remarkable political recovery in 2016. During his first year in office, Jokowi had been overwhelmed by a combative and divided parliament, disunity in cabinet, tensions with his own party, and declining approval ratings. In 2016, however, Jokowi expanded his ruling coalition and consolidated his power, and his approval rating rose to almost 70%. By mid-2016, the president had achieved stable government for the first time since winning office. Political stability gave us greater clarity on Jokowi’s agenda and the kind of Indonesia he wants to shape. I suggest that in 2016 a Jokowi-styled new developmentalism began to emerge. Jokowi’s administration focused narrowly on infrastructure and deregulation; other problems of government were subordinated to these developmentalist goals. There are uncanny echoes of the past in the new developmentalism, and its conservative and nationalist features reflect political trends that pre-date Jokowi’s presidency. Indeed, Jokowi’s developmental strategy is neither unique nor coherent; his decision-making is defined by ad hocery. Instead, I argue, deeper structural features of Indonesia’s socio-political landscape are making their mark on the president and returning Indonesia to its developmentalist moorings.

Presiden Indonesia Joko Widodo (Jokowi) melakukan pemulihan politis yang signifikan pada 2016. Dalam tahun pertamanya menjadi presiden, Jokowi disibukkan oleh persoalan-persoalan yang muncul dari badan legislatif yang agresif dan terpecah, kabinet yang tidak bersatu, tekanan dengan partainya sendiri, serta dukungan publik yang menurun. Namun demikian, pada 2016, Jokowi memperlebar koalisi partai berkuasa dan berhasil mengkonsolidasikan kekuatannya – dukungan publik naik menjadi hampir 70%. Pada pertengahan 2016, presiden Jokowi telah berhasil menciptakan pemerintahan yang stabil untuk pertama kalinya sejak resmi berkuasa. Stabilitas politis memberikan gambaran yang lebih jelas akan agenda Jokowi dan bentuk Indonesia seperti apa yang ingin dicapainya. Penulis melihat bahwa di tahun 2016, model pembangunan baru (new developmentalism) a la Jokowi mulai muncul. Pemerintahan Jokowi berfokus pada infrastruktur dan deregulasi; dan persoalan-persoalan pemerintahan yang lain diletakkan di bawah kedua tujuan pembangunan ini. Terdapat nuansa masa lampau dalam pola developmentalis Jokowi ini, sementara ciri konservatis dan nasionalis-nya mencerminkan tren politis yang sudah ada sebelum kepemimpinan Jokowi. Sesungguhnya strategi pembangunan Jokowi tidak unik dan tidak koheren; serta pengambilan keputusannya lebih bersifat ad hoc. Meski demikian, penulis berpendapat bahwa ciri struktural yang lebih dalam dari situasi sosial-politis Indonesia telah menandai masa kepresidenan Jokowi dan mengembalikan Indonesia kepada gaya developmentalisnya.

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