RESEARCH

An offshore wind union? Diversity and convergence in European offshore wind governance

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Table 1 Options for an offshore wind financial settlement

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Table 2 Offshore wind deployment status in five EU Member States at the end of 2014 (EWEA, 2015 EWEA. (2015). The European offshore wind industry – key trends and statistics 2014. Brussels: European Wind Energy Agency. [Google Scholar])

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Table 3 Summary of approaches to seabed tenure

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Table 4 Summary of approaches to development rights²¹21 Expected or upcoming changes in italics.

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Access	Remuneration model	Deciding the level
Automatic	Fixed	Administratively set
Constrained	Sliding	Specialist market
	Wholesale+	Competitive process

Table 2 Offshore wind deployment status in five EU Member States at the end of 2014 (EWEA, 2015 EWEA. (2015). The European offshore wind industry – key trends and statistics 2014. Brussels: European Wind Energy Agency. [Google Scholar])

Member State	Wind farms	Turbines	MW
UK	24	1301	4494
Germany	16	258	1045
Netherlands	5	124	247
Denmark	12	513	1271
Belgium	5	182	712

	Open door	Zoned Tender	Single site tender
UK	2000–2009	2009-
DE	1997-
DK	1991–2004		2004-
BE		2004-
NL	2001–2015		2015-

Table 4 Summary of approaches to development rights²¹21 Expected or upcoming changes in italics.

	Changes resulting in more centralized development rights process
UK	Decision by minister since 2008
DE	Decision by BSH since 1997
DK	All major permitting work undertaken by DEA since 2004
BE	EIA carried out by MUMM since 2003
NL	All permits administered by MEA since 2015

Table 5 Summary of approaches to grid connection

	Developer model	Third-party model	TSO model	Cost recovery mechanism
UK	2000–2007	2007-		OFTO charges wind farm
DE			2006-	TSO levy
DK			2004-	TSO levy
BE	2004-		2018	TSO charges wind farm
NL	2006-		2016	Unclear

	Automatic	Constrained
UK	2002–2015	2015
DE	…	2017
DK		2003
BE	…	2017
NL		2009

Table 7 Summary of approaches to financial settlement structure

	Fixed	Sliding premium	Wholesale +
UK		2014-	2002–2014
DE	2000–2014	2014-	1991–2000
DK	1993–1999	2005-	1999–2005
BE	2002–2015	2015-
NL		2008-

Table 8 Summary of approaches to setting the level of the financial settlement

	Administrative process	Certificate market	Competitive process
UK	2014–2015	2002–2014	2015-
DE	2000-		2017
DK	1993–2003		2003
BE	2002-		2017
NL			2009-

Table 9 Summary of national approaches

	Seabed Tenure	Development rights	Grid connection	Financial settlement
UK	Zoned	Centralized but onus on developer	OFTO	Constrained allocation of sliding premium revenue support

DE	Open door	Centralized and streamlined	TSO and levy
DK	Single site	Centralized	TSO and levy
BE	Zoned	Centralized	TSO charges wind farm
NL	Single site	Centralized	TSO

Climate Policy

An offshore wind union? Diversity and convergence in European offshore wind governance

RESEARCH

An offshore wind union? Diversity and convergence in European offshore wind governance

Published online:

Table 1 Options for an offshore wind financial settlement

Published online:

Table 2 Offshore wind deployment status in five EU Member States at the end of 2014 (EWEA, 2015 EWEA. (2015). The European offshore wind industry – key trends and statistics 2014. Brussels: European Wind Energy Agency. [Google Scholar])

Published online:

Table 3 Summary of approaches to seabed tenure

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Table 4 Summary of approaches to development rights²¹21 Expected or upcoming changes in italics.

Published online:

Table 5 Summary of approaches to grid connection

Published online:

Table 6 Summary of approaches to financial settlement allocation

Published online:

Table 7 Summary of approaches to financial settlement structure

Published online:

Table 8 Summary of approaches to setting the level of the financial settlement

Published online:

Table 9 Summary of national approaches

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Climate Policy

An offshore wind union? Diversity and convergence in European offshore wind governance

RESEARCH

An offshore wind union? Diversity and convergence in European offshore wind governance

Figures & data

Published online:

Table 1 Options for an offshore wind financial settlement

Published online:

Table 2 Offshore wind deployment status in five EU Member States at the end of 2014 (EWEA, 2015 EWEA. (2015). The European offshore wind industry – key trends and statistics 2014. Brussels: European Wind Energy Agency. [Google Scholar])

Published online:

Table 3 Summary of approaches to seabed tenure

Published online:

Table 4 Summary of approaches to development rights2121 Expected or upcoming changes in italics.

Published online:

Table 5 Summary of approaches to grid connection

Published online:

Table 6 Summary of approaches to financial settlement allocation

Published online:

Table 7 Summary of approaches to financial settlement structure

Published online:

Table 8 Summary of approaches to setting the level of the financial settlement

Published online:

Table 9 Summary of national approaches

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Table 4 Summary of approaches to development rights²¹21 Expected or upcoming changes in italics.