To find out if chronic nerve compression could affect the peripheral nerve by acting as a “conditioning lesion”, silicone tubes (internal diameter 0.8-1.6 mm) were placed round the sciatic or tibial nerves of adult rats for different time periods. After the period of compression the tubes were removed and a test crush lesion was made on the sciatic nerve in the thigh. Regeneration distances of the sensory nerve fibres were analysed by the pinch reflex test after a further three or six days. Compression of sciatic or tibial nerves induced a significant increase in outgrowth length compared with nerves subjected to mobilisation and crush lesion alone. All the tubes tested had a conditioning effect, but only tubes with a small internal diameter seemed to induce nerve fibre degeneration as assessed by immunocytochemistry. The results showed that chronic compression induced a regenerative response in the peripheral nerve. The mechanism by which this was accomplished remains obscure but it may involve both the neurons and the non-neuronal cells.