Zimmerman J, Meroz Y, Siguencia J, Tsvang E, Arnon R. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Comparison of the causes and prognosis in primary and secondary bleeders. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:795-798.

Background: Hemorrhage from the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract is defined as primary when it is the cause of admission to hospital and as secondary when it complicates the course of patients admitted to hospital for other causes. The objective of this study was to compare the background features, course, and outcome of patients with primary and secondary bleeding. Methods: All patients who underwent upper endoscopy because of acute UGI bleeding during 1988-91 in a tertiary care university hospital were studied longitudinally. The background features of primary bleeders (n equals; 321) were compared with those of secondary bleeders (n equals; 125). From the primary bleeders, a group was matched to the secondary bleeders by age, sex, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and liver disease. The laboratory and endoscopic findings, hospital course, and mortality were compared in the two groups. Results: Secondary bleeders were on the average 5 years older than primary bleeders and were significantly more likely to have ischemic heart disease, chronic lung disease, and chronic renal failure. Use of corticosteroids, H₂ blockers, antacids, and anticoagulants in this group was significantly more prevalent, whereas the use of NSAIDs was similar in the two groups. The case-control analysis showed a similar distribution of the causes of bleeding in the two groups. However, rebleeding, endoscopic hemostasis, and complications were more frequent in secondary bleeders. The mortality in secondary bleeders was 28%, compared with 10% in matched primary bleeders, for a relative risk of 3.8 (p equals; 0.0002). Conclusion: Secondary hemorrhage is associated with an increased mortality, which is related to the underlying diseases and not to a difference in the causes of bleeding.