In the current article, we perform a complex analysis of the problems and prospects of the development of human resources for health (HRH) in Ukraine. For this purpose, we consider the core factors (i.e., demographic, economic, and social) determining human-resource potential in public health at all levels. To evaluate the correspondence of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of health personnel to current and future needs, and established standards, we carry out trend and structural analyses, use grouping method, and carry out interregional and international comparisons. We also propose possible ways of solving the most crucial HRH problems (numerical and qualitative imbalances, distribution mismatches, inappropriate remuneration, imperfect law system, etc.) in Ukraine. The most important recommendation on saving and developing human-resource potential in the Ukrainian health system concerns elaboration of the HRH Strategic Plan in accordance with the National HRH Policy and National Health-Care Development Concept along with the best international practice.