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Articles

Social–Spatial Analyses of Attitudes toward the Desert in a Southwestern U.S. City

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1845-1864
Received 14 Nov 2017
Accepted 20 Nov 2018
Published online: 09 May 2019
 

Land change due to urbanization often results in the loss of desert ecosystems. The loss of desert land affects ecological and social processes in arid cities, such as habitat provisioning, the extent and intensity of the urban heat island, and outdoor recreation opportunities. Understanding the human–environment dynamics associated with environmental change is critical to understanding and managing the implications of urban growth. Few studies, however, have empirically examined people’s attitudes about hot, arid environments such as deserts. The primary objectives of our study are to (1) identify how patterns of attitudes are spatially distributed throughout neighborhoods in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, and (2) determine how attitudes toward the desert are shaped by social and environmental attributes. We found that desert attitudes are spatially clustered throughout neighborhoods. Positive views of the desert are fortified in high-income areas and those near preserved desert parks, whereas negative attitudes are clustered in areas associated with lower socioeconomic status and in neighborhoods with relatively grassy landscaping. Negative perceptions toward the desert are stronger among Latino residents and in low-income neighborhoods, where environmental hazards, especially extreme heat, and the perceived risks associated with such hazards are more prominent. Overall, we found that factors shaping attitudes in arid landscapes, including socioeconomic status and social identity, are similar to those that shape attitudes toward urban forests and greenspace in more temperate environments. Understanding attitudes toward the desert can help strengthen the connection between the regional environment and the local community, ultimately encouraging land preservation in arid cities. Key Words: deserts, environmental attitudes, extreme heat, open space, vulnerability.

由城市化造成的土地变迁,经常导致沙漠生态系统的丧失。沙漠土地的丧失影响乾燥城市的生态与社会过程,诸如栖地供给、城市热岛的范围与程度,以及户外休憩的机会。理解与环境变迁相关的人类—环境动态,对于了解并管理城市成长的意涵而言至关重要。但在经验上检视人们对于诸如沙漠的乾热环境之态度却相当少见。我们研究的主要目标在于(1)指认态度模式如何在空间上分佈于亚利桑那凤凰城大都会的邻里,以及(2)判定对沙漠的态度如何通过社会与环境属性形塑之。我们发现,对沙漠的态度在所有的邻里空间上产生聚集。对于沙漠的正面观点,在高所得地区与邻近保存的沙漠公园地区中证实,而负面态度则聚集在较低社会经济地位的地区和相对而言较多草原地景的邻里中。对沙漠的负面观点,在拉丁裔与低所得邻里中较强,而环境灾害——特别是极端酷热,以及与该灾害相关的风险认知亦较强。总体而言,我们发现形塑乾燥地景中的态度之因素,包括社会经济身份与社会身份认同,与形塑较温和的环境中对于城市森林和绿地空间的态度之因素相似。理解对沙漠的态度,有助于强化区域环境和邻里社区之间的连结,最终并鼓励乾燥城市中的土地保育。 关键词:沙漠,环境态度,极端酷热,开放空间,脆弱性。

La transformación de la tierra originada en la urbanización a menudo resulta en la pérdida de los ecosistemas del desierto. La pérdida de tierra del desierto afecta los procesos ecológicos y sociales en las ciudades de climas áridos, tales como la provisión de hábitat, la extensión e intensidad de la isla de calor urbano y las oportunidades de recreación al aire libre. Entender las dinámicas humano–ambientales asociadas con el cambio ambiental es crítico para entender y manejar las implicaciones del crecimiento urbano. Pocos estudios, sin embargo, han examinado empíricamente las actitudes de la gente acerca de entornos cálidos y áridos como los desiertos. Los objetivos primarios de nuestro estudio son (1) identificar cómo los patrones de actitudes se distribuyen espacialmente a través de los vecindarios en el área metropolitana de Phoenix, Arizona, y (2) determinar cómo se configuran las actitudes hacia el desierto por atributos sociales y ambientales. Hallamos que las actitudes hacia el desierto están aglomeradas espacialmente a lo largo y ancho de los vecindarios. Las visiones positivas del desierto se fortifican en las áreas de alto ingreso y en aquellas cerca de parques preservados del desierto, en tanto que las actitudes negativas se agrupan en áreas asociadas con estatus socioeconómico más bajo y en vecindarios dotados de paisajes relativamente herbosos. Las percepciones negativas hacia el desierto son más fuertes entre los residentes latinos y en los vecindarios de ingreso bajo, donde los riesgos ambientales, en especial calor extremo, y los riesgos percibidos asociados con tales riesgos, tienen mayor prominencia. En general, descubrimos que los factores que configuran las actitudes en paisajes áridos, incluyendo el estatus socioeconómico y la identidad social, son similares a los que configuran las actitudes hacia los bosques urbanos y el espacio verde en entornos más templados. Entender las actitudes hacia el desierto puede ayudar a fortalecer la conexión entre el medio ambiente regional y la comunidad local, finalmente estimulando la preservación de la tierra en las ciudades áridas. Palabras clave: actitudes ambientales, calor extremo, desiertos, espacio abierto, vulnerabilidad.

RILEY ANDRADE is a PhD candidate in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. E-mail: Her social–ecological systems research examines human–environment geography, biodiversity, and urban green space.

KELLI L. LARSON is a Professor of Geography and Sustainability at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5302. E-mail: . Her research focuses on how risk perceptions and environmental attitudes affect decision making for water governance, landscape management, and urban sustainability.

DAVID M. HONDULA is an Assistant Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. E-mail: . His research addresses the health and social effects of environmental heat exposure in urban areas.

JANET FRANKLIN is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Botany and Plant Sciences at University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. E-mail: . Her research interests include landscape ecology, biogeography, and geographic information science.

Additional information

Funding

This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number DEB-1026865 and DEB-1637590, Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research (CAP LTER).

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