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Articles

Modeling Herding Decision Making in the Extensive Grazing System in Southern Ethiopia

Pages 260-276
Received 01 Jan 2017
Accepted 01 Apr 2017
Published online: 29 Jun 2017
 

The practice of extensive herding through camp relocation allows pastoralists to track greener pastures while redistributing grazing pressure throughout the landscape, but the lack of intensive and continuous monitoring data on large-scale livestock movement results in limited understanding of this important practice. This article takes an integrated approach to understanding pastoral mobility and modeling extensive herding. The analysis is based on Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of fifty-eight cows, as well as surveys, participatory mapping, and interviews with pastoralists in five study sites in southern Ethiopia. Linear mixed-effect models are used to examine the community- and household-level determinants of extensive herding. The findings suggest that resource conditions, resource users, and socioeconomic context play significant roles in affecting the practice of extensive herding. Compared to household herd size, community-level factors largely determine the feasibility of extensive herding. Future pastoral policymaking needs to facilitate the creation and maintenance of favorable herding context to encourage large-scale mobility as an adaptation strategy in the arid and semiarid environment.

透过营地重安置进行大规模的放牧, 让牧人得以在追踪更青翠的牧地之际, 在地景上重新分配放牧的压力。但对大规模牲畜移动缺乏密集与持续的监控数据, 却导致对此一重要实践的理解有限。本文採取整合式的取径来理解放牧移动, 并模式化大规模的放牧。此一分析是根据在埃塞俄比亚南部的五大研究场所中, 以全球定位系统 (GPS) 追踪五十八头牛隻, 以及调查、参与式製图和对牧人进行的访谈。线性混合效应模型, 用来检视大规模放牧在社群与家户层级的决定因素。研究结果显示, 资源条件、资源使用者, 以及社会经济脉络, 在影响大规模放牧的行为中扮演显着的角色。与家户放牧规模相较之下, 社区层级的因素大幅决定了大规模放牧的可行性。未来的放牧政策制定, 必须促进有利放牧条件的创造与维系, 以鼓励採用大规模移动作为在乾旱与半乾旱环境中的调适策略。

La práctica del pastoralismo extensivo basada en la relocalización del campamento permite a los pastoralistas rastrear pastizales más verdes mientras redistribuyen la presión del pastoreo a lo largo y ancho del paisaje, pero la falta de datos de monitoreo intensivo y continuo del movimiento del ganado a gran escala resulta en entendimiento limitado de tan importante práctica. Este artículo adopta un enfoque integrador para entender la movilidad pastoralista y modelar esta forma de ganadería extensiva. El análisis se basa en el rastreo por el Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) de 58 vacas, lo mismo que en levantamientos, mapeo participativo y entrevistas con los pastoralistas en cinco sitios de estudio de la parte sur de Etiopía. Se usaron modelos lineales de efecto mixto para examinar los determinantes a niveles de comunidad y de hogar del pastoreo extensivo. Los hallazgos sugieren que las condiciones de los recursos, los usuarios de los recursos y el contexto socioeconómico juegan papeles significativos que afectan esta práctica extensiva. Comparados con el tamaño del rebaño familiar, los factores a nivel de comunidad en gran medida determinan la viabilidad del pastoralismo extensivo. El futuro diseño de políticas sobre esta actividad debería facilitar la creación y mantenimiento de un contexto pastoralista favorable que estimule la movilidad a gran escala como estrategia de adaptación a los entornos ambientales áridos y semiáridos.

Acknowledgments

This article used data collected through a broader research program managed by researchers from Cornell University, the International Livestock Research Institute, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Sydney, and other international partners. Christopher Barrett provided valuable input on modeling. Patrick Clark led GPS tracking data collection. I am thankful to Ding Fei, Wako Gobu, Kyle Gochnour, Karim-Aly Kassam, Stephen Morreale, Andrew Mude, Mohamed Shibia, Galma Shiki, Patrick Sullivan, Birhanu Tadeesse, and Russell Toth for their help and support. I also appreciate the pastoralists in Borana, Ethiopia, who participated in the GPS tracking research and shared their knowledge on herd mobility and rangeland management.

Funding

This research was supported by funding from the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future at Cornell University, Australian Aid, Toward Sustainability Foundation, the United States Agency for International Development, and University of California–Davis.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article can be accessed on the publisher's Web site at http:s//doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1328306

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Chuan Liao

CHUAN LIAO is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the School of Natural Resources and Environment at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail: . His research interest lies at the intersection between community development and resource conservation, with empirical research focus on pastoral mobility, rangeland ecology, coupled natural and human systems, and large-scale land transactions.

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