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Articles

A phylogeny and genus-level revision of the African file snakes Gonionotophis Boulenger (Squamata: Lamprophiidae)

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ABSTRACT

The sub-Saharan African file snake genus Gonionotophis is currently comprised of 15 species. However, the concept of this genus has been confounded by morphological and genetic differences between the constituent taxa. Due to the dearth of DNA samples, a taxonomic assessment has been impractical to date. We therefore sequenced two mitochondrial and one nuclear marker (16S, cyt b, and c-mos) from 45 samples representing ten species of Gonionotophis to construct a molecular phylogeny using Bayesian and likelihood approaches. Four divergent and well-supported clades were recovered, including: (1) grantii + brussauxi; (2) poensis + stenophthalmus; (3) nyassae; and (4) capensis, chanleri, crossi, guirali and savorgnani. Based on these results and morphological data, the genus Gonionotophis is restricted to the first clade, Mehelya is resurrected for the species in the second clade, and new genera are described for the remaining two clades.

ZooBank—urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A82CFAD6-E2E0-439E-90BB-9224E225426B

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Donald G. Broadley (1932–2016), who began this project with us several years ago and whose determination in assembling the necessary samples, specimens, and morphological data allowed the project to be completed. Don had a vision, and was able to use small details to understand the big picture. He was uncanny in his ability to recognise species attributes that later were borne out in phylogenetic analyses, and the current study was no exception. One only needs to look at his long and distinguished track record to understand his impact on African herpetology. We are privileged to have worked with him on this. That he chose us to collaborate with him is an honour that goes beyond words. His life and his work are an inspiration. Fieldwork by EG in Burundi and DRC was funded by the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund, an IUCN/SSC Amphibian Specialist Group Seed Grant, K. Reed, M.D., research funds from the Department of Biology at Villanova University, a National Geographic Society Research and Exploration Grant (no. 8556–08), the University of Texas at El Paso, and the National Science Foundation (grant no. DEB-1145459); the Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature provided project support and permits. We are grateful for the Wildlife Conservation Society teams who collected a specimen in eastern DRC, particularly Guillain Mitamba and Emmanuel Muhindo, and the financing by USAID, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and Arcus Foundation that enabled the surveys to be made. The fieldwork by MB and AGZB was part of rapid biodiversity initiatives that were commissioned by Flora Fauna & Man, Ecological Services Ltd. for the Sintoukola Potash Project and elsewhere in Hinda and Mayoko regions. MB and AGZB are grateful to Jerome Gaugris for the study organization and design, and to Direction de la Faune et des Aires Protégées for export permits. Additional samples were acquired during field surveys in Mozambique, funded by a National Geographic Society Research and Exploration Grant (no. 9281-13). We thank the South African National Biodiversity Institute and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant no. 85413) for supporting the genetic work, and Tlou Manyelo for assisting in the laboratory. Finally, we are grateful to Shiela Broadley, who supported and assisted with Don’s work over the years and who was instrumental in ensuring this project was completed by supplying data, information, and correspondence with us after her beloved husband’s death.

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