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Paucituberculatan marsupials, particularly members of the family Palaeothentidae, were important components of South American mammal communities during much of the Cenozoic. However, after the late early Miocene, palaeothentid remains are rare in the fossil record, and the group is last recorded at late middle Miocene sites in Colombia, Bolivia and possibly Argentina. Here, we describe new specimens of palaeothentids from one of these late middle Miocene sites, Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, which include: (1) the first described lower dentitions of Acdestis maddeni, which exhibit distinctive features such as a greatly elongated paracristid and a single-rooted m4; (2) the first described late middle Miocene palaeothentines, representing two new species of Palaeothentes, P. serratus sp. nov. and P. relictus sp. nov., distinguished from other species of Palaeothentes by the presence of an anterobasal cingulid and reduced anterior trigonid crest, among other features; and (3) remains of a third new species, Chimeralestes ambiguus gen. et sp. nov., distinguished from other palaeothentids by its combination of a labially positioned cristid obliqua, reduced m4, and sharply curved entocristid. Phylogenetic and palaeoecological analyses show that Quebrada Honda palaeothentids were taxonomically and morphologically diverse and likely spanned a wide range of ecological niches. Combined with the wide geographical distribution of palaeothentoids during the late middle Miocene, this suggests that the disappearance of these marsupials was preceded by an abrupt rather than gradual decline in taxonomic and ecological diversity as well as geographical range.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DA7E10BA-7203-4F5A-A3AB-F0E7352B101C

Additional information

Funding

National Science Foundation [EAR 0958733 and 1423058 to D. Croft] and the National Geographic Foundation [NGS 8115-06 to D. Croft].

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to M. A. Abello for allowing us access to her 2007 Abello, M. A. 2007. Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los Paucituberculata (Mammalia, Marsupialia) del Cenozoico de América del Sur. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 381 pp. [Google Scholar] thesis and unpublished research. We thank M. A. Abello, M. Benard, J. Fleagle, F. J. Goin, S. S. B. Hopkins, G. M. Martin, P. Pérez, S. Simpson and K. J. Travouillon for helpful discussions on a variety of topics related to this paper. We thank R. McCord (Arizona Museum of Natural History) for loans from the Larry Marshall Marsupial Dentition Collection; R. Wherley and G. Svenson (Cleveland Museum of Natural History) for generating high-resolution photographs of the specimens; B. Rubin and colleagues and S. Simpson for their help in diagnosing the pathology of UF 27883; M. A. Abello, S. Alvarez, and J. Fleagle for providing data used to create the reconstruction of A. maddeni in Figure 10; and M. A. Abello, M. O. Woodburne and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We also thank J. Bloch, R. Hulbert and B. MacFadden (UF) for allowing us to describe the palaeothentid specimens at UF and providing us information on their provenance. Finally, we wish to thank the members of the UF, University of Rochester, CWRU and UATF field crews responsible for collecting specimens at Quebrada Honda, without the efforts of whom much of this paper could never have been written. This research was originally conducted as part of an undergraduate honors thesis by R. K. Engelman at Case Western Reserve University. Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation [EAR 0958733 and 1423058 to D. Croft] and the National Geographic Foundation [NGS 8115-06 to D. Croft].

Supplemental material for this article can be accessed at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1240112.