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Abstract
The Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 as a modern nation‐state. The years preceding this, 1919 to 1922, are seen by the Turks as the years of their struggle for independence (millî mücadele), led by Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938), later known as Atatürk and the first president of the republic. On October 15–20, 1927, Kemal presented his famous six‐day speech (Nutuk) at the General Congress of the Republican Party, giving his own account of the War of Independence. This essay analyzes the role this speech plays in defining the official historical view of the foundation of the Turkish Republic.
Notes
1. Erik J. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1995), p.183.
2. Taha Parla, Türkiye’de Siyasal Kültürün Resmî Kaynakları. Cilt 1. Atatürk’ün Nutuk’u [The Official Sources of Turkey’s Political Culture, Volume 1: Atatürk’s Great Speech] (Istanbul: İletişim, 1994).
3. Aysel Morin, “Crafting a Nation: The Mythic Construction of the New Turkish National Identity in Atatürk’s Nutuk,” Presented at the Cornell University Turkish Forum on European Turkey: Modernization, Secularism, and Islam, December 3–4, 2004, available at www.einaudi.cornell.edu/Europe/initiatives/pdf/Morin_Paper.pdf.
4. Hülya Adak, “National Myths and Self‐Na(rra)tions: Mustafa Kemal’s Nutuk and Halide Edib’s Memoirs and The Turkish Ordeal,” The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol.102, No.2/3 (2003), pp. 509–27.
5. Nutuk (Istanbul: Kitapzamanı, 2006), p.7.
6. Adak (2003), p.515.
7. Parla (1994), p.30.
8. Nutuk (2006), pp.13–14.
9. Ibid., pp.14–15.
10. Ibid., p.15.
11. Ibid., pp.10–11.
12. Baskın Oran, Atatürk Milliyetçiliği. Reşmi Ideoloji Dışı bir Inceleme [Atatürk’s Nationalism. A Study Opposing the Official Ideology] (Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1997), pp.125–6.
13. Ibid., pp.136–7.
14. Adak (2003), p.516.
15. Ibid., pp.513–17.
16. Nutuk (2006), p.343.
17. Ibid., pp.343–4.
18. Ibid., p.344.
19. Oran (1997), p.117.
20. Nutuk (2006), p.107.
21. Oran (1997), p.83.
22. Nutuk (2006), pp.47–8.
23. Ibid., pp.7–8.
24. “In Istanbul the Freedom and Concord Party, Nigehban Army Association, and The Society for the Friends of England were forming a block. This block with Ali Kemal and Sait Molla were inciting the Christian minorities to attack the national forces.” Nutuk (2006), p.197.
25. Morin (2004), p.16.
26. Nutuk (2006), pp.77–8.
27. Ibid., pp.15–16.
28. Morin (2004), p.16.
29. Nutuk (2006), pp.529–30.
30. Oran (1997), p.82.
31. Ibid., p.129.
32. Nutuk (2006), p.281.
33. Ibid., pp.312–13.