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Culture, Health & Sexuality

An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 7, 2005 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Money, men and markets: Economic and sexual empowerment of market women in southwestern Uganda

Pages 13-26
Published online: 21 Aug 2006

Market trading requires access to cash, independent decision‐making, mobility and social interaction. This study sought to explore whether market work empowers women with respect to spending decisions and negotiation over sex and condom‐use. A semi‐structured questionnaire was administered to 212 market women; and 12 focus group discussions and 52 in‐depths interviews were conducted among market women in southwestern Uganda. Market women reported high levels of independence, mobility, assertiveness and social interaction. Access to cash was not synonymous with control over it, however. Spending decisions were limited by men's ability to selectively withdraw finances for expenditures central to women's concerns including household and children's needs. Trading in markets earns women masculine labels such as kiwagi, characterized variously as independent, rebellious and insubordinate. Earning money does not change expectations of correct behaviour for wives, making it difficult for women to initiate, deny sex or ask for condoms. Independence and income from market work may make it easier for women to enter and exit new sexual relationships. However, unable to protect themselves within partnerships, HIV risk may increase as a result.

Notes

Among women who contribute all household expenses with their own money, for example, just over a third say they make spending decisions alone, compared to 78% of those who contribute little or nothing.

Markets in Masaka are of two kinds namely; stationary markets and mobile markets locally known as Mubuulo. Stationary markets refers to markets that operate daily in an established site often in the centre of a trading centre to enhance access. Traders in stationary markets own particular stalls in which they operate on a daily basis. Traders in stationary markets sell a range of goods including processed, fresh and cooked foods, first hand and second hand clothes and shoes, cosmetics, traditional herbs and accessories, kitchen and dining ware and cooking fuel (firewood, charcoal and paraffin). The mobile markets refer to markets held once every week at particular open grounds in a given place and rotate cyclically from place to place throughout the week. Traders in these markets do not have permanent stalls and often lay their goods on the ground or put up temporary stalls often made of reeds for stands and grass or canvas for roofing. These temporary stalls are destroyed at the close of each market day and traders travel to another open ground in another parish or even district the next day. Major items sold in mubuulo markets are perishable foodstuffs, local brew, kitchen and dining ware, second hand clothes and shoes, household items, traditional medicine and accessories (cowry shells, clay moulds, waist beads).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

James Whitworth

Barbara Nyanzi is a social science research associate with Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS in Uganda. Stella Nyanzi is medical anthropologist with Medical Research Council in Gambia. Brent Wolff is project leader for social science with the Medical Research Council Programme on AIDS in Uganda. James Whitworth is Professor of Epidemiology in the Department of International Tropical Diseases at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

 

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