International conference in Algiers on ‘Terrorisme international: le précédent algérien’, 26–28 Oct. 2002.

Luis Martinez, La guerre civile en Algérie (Paris: Karthala 1998).

Le Jeune Indépendant, 4 May 2002.

According to General Maïza, Chief of Staff of the first military region, the number of deaths from ‘terrorism’ is 37,000. In June 1999, President Bouteflika declared that the number of deaths from violence between 1992 and 1999 was 100,000.

According to the AIS, the number of armed group members reached 40,000 in 1994.

Nesroulah Yous, Qui a tué à Bentalha? (Paris: La découverte 2000); Habib Souadia, La sale guerre (Paris: La découverte 2001).

The ANP regarded this process as a veritable war strategy led by so-called ‘occult forces’ – ‘the third phase of attack by the enemies of our homeland aimed at our military institution, the ANP’, El Djeich, Jan. 1998.

François Burgat, L'islamisme en face (Paris: La découverte 1995); translated as Face to Face with Political Islam (London: I.B. Tauris 2003).

Liess Boukra, Algérie, la terreur sacrée (Lausanne: Favre 2002). The harkis were Algerians who fought on the side of the French during the Algerian war of independence, 1954–62; see contribution in this volume by Fanny Colonna, n.11, p.129.

William B. Quandt, Between Ballots and Bullets: Algeria's Transition from Authoritarianism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press 1998).

O. Roy, L'échec de l'Islam politique (Paris: Seuil 1992); translated as The Failure of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994).

Ghazi Hidouci, La libération inachevée (Paris: La découverte 1995).

Jean-Jacques Lavenue, Algérie: la démocratie interdite (Paris: L'Harmattan 1993).

Politique internationale 79 (1998).

Boukra (note 9) pp.270–74.

The newspaper El Fajr, 4 Dec. 2002, counters this optimistic version, estimating the number of Islamists who are still armed in Algeria at over 8,000.

Abderahmane Moussaoui, ‘La violence en Algérie: des crises et des châtiments’, Cahiers d'études africaines 38 (1998).

Alain Grignard, ‘La littérature politique du GIA des origines à Djamel Zitouni: Esquisse d'une analyse’, in F. Dassetto (ed.), Facettes de l'Islam belge (Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant 2001).

L'expression, 19 Aug. 2002.

CENEAP (Centre national d'études et d'analyses pour la population et le développement) report.

Habib Souadia (note 6).

Le Quotidien d'Oran, 18 Sept. 2001.

El Yom, Sept. 2001.

Prior to the attacks, a debate had begun about the political factors at the root of the crisis. General Attaïlia, closely connected to the president, emphasised, ‘Those who strove to stop the elections are now taking responsibility for it, because this action became the basis for the Algerian crisis. If they had listened to me at the time, we would have avoided this catastrophe. I told them we had to let the FIS govern as soon as the president got rid of all the constitutional prerogatives, because it's difficult to pass judgement on a party that has not governed. A proverb of ours says: he who is far from the battle knows how to lead it. If we had given this party a chance, the people would have abandoned it quickly because it was a bearer of many bad ideas’, Le Quotidien d'Oran, 26 March 2000.

Le Jeune Indépendant, 4 May 2002.

The Commission nationale consultative de promotion et de protection des droits de l'homme (CNCPPDH) claims to have received 4,753 dossiers from the families of disappeared persons. The LIDH estimates the actual number of disappeared Algerians to be 10,000.

Echourouk El Yaoumi, 3 Nov. 2001.

General-Major Khaled Nezzar, the former defence minister, brought a lawsuit for defamation against the former officer Habib Souadia for statements made on 27 May 2001, on the French television station la Cinquième. On this matter, see also Fanny Colonna's contribution to this volume, p.135.

The Algerian government launched a plan for the police to secure the main highways against terrorists (responsible for 3,000 deaths in 2001) in the 14 neighbouring wilayat. This plan involved 20,000 men, 3,000 vehicles, 64 canine groups and nine helicopters.

11 Oct. 2001.

Xavier Bougarel, Bosnie: anatomie d'un conflit (Paris: La découverte 1995).

Le Matin, 18 July 2002.

See the contribution to this volume by Fanny Colonna, pp.128, 136.