1. For background on the Muslim Brotherhood, see Mona El-Ghobashy, “The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (2005), pp. 373–395; Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); Bruce Rutherford, Egypt After Mubarak (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); Marc Lynch, “The MB and Reform” Middle East Brief, No. 25 (2008); Brynjar Lia, The Society of Muslim Brothers in Egypt (London: Ithaca Press 1998); Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press 1969).

2. The deep clash between Muslim Brotherhood–affiliated groups and “salafi-jihadism” is a key theme of influential analysts such as the Jordanian journalist Mohammed Abu Rumman and Akram Hijazi (whose writings are widely circulated in a range of jihadist Internet forums). See: Hijazi, “Muwajjiha Hasima bayn al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya wa al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin” [Decisive Confrontation between Salafi-Jihadism and the Muslim Brotherhood], 7 May 2007. Available at http://www.al-faloja.info/vb/showthread.php?t = 10436; and Hijazi, “Response to the Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood,” 22 February 2007. Available at al-Ekhlaas, http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t = 47638

3. On Al Qaeda's global vision, see Assaf Moghadam, “Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the Spread of Suicide Atacks,” International Security 33(3) (2008), pp. 46–78.

4. Abd al-Rahman al-Rashwan, “Public Opinion Inside the MB Organization,” 21 December 2008. Available at http://ikhwanyouth.blogspot.com/2008/12/1.html

5. Mohammed Salah, “The Ikhwan and al-Qa'ida and Other Groups … A Complete Guide to Islamist Movements in the World,” al-Hayat, 26 January 2006.

6. “Rewriting the Narrative: An Integrated Strategy for Counterradicalization,” Presidential Task Force on Confronting the Ideology of Radical Extremism, Washington Institute for Near East Policy (March 2009).

7. 1 January 2007, Quoted in Ikhwanweb.com. Available at http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=2758&SectionID=147

8. Forum contributor “Shamal al-Baghdadi,” al-Ekhlaas, 16 May 2008. “Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin fi al-Alam ya'Ayshun fi al-Batala.” Available at http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=147720

9. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers.

10. Barbara Zollner, “Prison Talk: The Muslim Brotherhood's Internal Struggle During Gamal Abdel Nasser's Persecution, 1954 to 1971,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39 (2007), pp. 411–433; Hossam Tammam, “Al-Ikwhan al-Muslimoon wa al-Sa'udiya al-Wahhabiya” [The Muslim Brotherhood and Wahhabi Saudi Arabia], Al-Akhbar, 22 January 2009. Available at http://www.al-akhbar.com/ar/node/114449

11. Zollner, “Prison Talk”; Rosefsky-Wickham, Mobilizing Islam.

12. On Egypt and Algeria, see Mohammed Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003).

13. Al-Zawahiri's Bitter Harvest is available at http://tawhed.ws

14. Shaykh Abu al-Hareth al-Ansari wrote a brief distributed by the Global Islamic Media Front under the title “Al-Ikwhan wa al-Yahud wa al-Qa'ida,” 7 July 2008. Available at www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=158323

15. Shaykh Nasir al-Din al-Albani, quoted on the Muslm.net forum, 21 May 2008. Available at http://www.muslm.net/vb/showthread.php?p=1866107

16. Abd al-Majid Abd al-Karim Hazin, “Mo'amirat Jama'at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin ala al-Islam wa Ahlihi” [Conspiracies of the MB against Islam and Its People], al-Ekhlaas, 4 August 2007. Available at http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=73101

17. “Jund al-Murabitin,” al-Faloja, “Al-Ikhwan al-Mustaslamin,” 12 March 2007. Available at http//www.al-faloja.info/vb/showthread.php?t=7187

18. Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Arabia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Hossam Tamam, “The MB and Saudi Wahhabism,” al-Akhbar, 22 January 2009. Available at http://www.al-akhbar.com/ar/node/114449

19. Mohammed Mehdi Akef denial of any relationship with Al Qaeda, 24 May 2008. Available at http://www.ikhwanonline.com/Article.asp?ArtID=37484&SecID=211

20. Louis Attiyatallah, “The Salafis Will Lead the Muslim Liberation Jihad against the Crusaders,” 31 March 2005. Available at http://majdah.maktoob.com/vb/majdah6564

21. See comments at http://www.al-farouq.com/vb/showthread.php?t=2143

22. Fatah Rahman, “Response to the Statement of the MB.” Available at http://www.tawhed.ws

23. For example, Youssef al-Dini, “Zawahiri and the Ikhwan,” Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 13 January 2006.

24. Hijazi article available at http://drakramhijazi.maktoobblog.com/?post=314380

25. English version available at www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefazawahiri0408.pdf

26. Dr. Ahmed Tahhan, “‘Ajeeb Amer al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin fi al-Iraq,” Al-Ekhlaas, 4 October 2007. Available at http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=87343

27. “Abdullah Mansour,” “Al-Hezb al-Islami al-Iraqi wa al-Masmar al-Akhir fi Na'ash al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin” al-Ekhlaas, 17 October 2007. Available at http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=90231

28. Project on International Policy Attitudes, released 24 February 2009. Available at http://worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brmiddleeastnafricara/591.php?lb=brme&pnt=591&nid=&id=

29. Project on International Policy Attitudes survey released 3 June 2009. Available at http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/brmiddleeastnafricara/613.php?nid=&id=&pnt= 613&lb=

30. “Tafrigh Kalimat al-Shaykh Abu Hadhifa al-Libi ‘an Harakat Hamas wa Hizb al-Ikhwan,” al-Ekhlaas. Available at http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=74598

31. Quoted in http://www.ikhwanonline.com/Article.asp?ArtID=5995&SecID=211, 4 December 2004.

32. Deputy Supreme Guide Mohammed Habib, 9 June 2006. Available at http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=4130&SectionID=147

33. Chris Hamisch and Quinn Mecham, “Democratic Ideology in Islamist Opposition? The Muslim Brotherhood's ‘Civil State.’” Middle Eastern Studies 45(2) (2009), pp. 189–205.

34. Mansour, “Al-Hezb al-Islami al-Iraqi wa al-Masmar al-Akhir fi Na'ash al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin.”

35. Raymond Baker, Islam Without Fear (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2004); Bruce Rutherford, Egypt After Mubarak (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2009).

36. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, The Islamic Awakening Between Stagnation and Extremism (Cairo: Dar al-Shorouq, 2001).

37. See Marc Lynch, “Islamist Views of Reform,” Brookings U.S.-Islamic World Forum, 18 February 2008.

38. For more detailed discussion, including author interviews with senior MB leaders in several countries, see Marc Lynch, “The Brotherhood's Dilemma” (Brandeis University, Crown Center Middle East Brief 25, January 2008).

39. On the “Gray Zones” in MB thought from a liberal perspective, see Nathan Brown, Amr Hamzawy, and Marina Ottoway, “Islamist Movements and the Democratic Process in the Arab World: Exploring the Gray Zones” (Carnegie Paper #67, March 2006). For an example of salafi-jihadist skepticism, see “Dujlat wal-Furat,” “Is it Permitted to Belong to the MB Trend … a Political and Doctrinal Discussion,” al-Faloja, 1 April 2007. Available at http://www.al-faloja.net/vb/showthread?php?t=8230

40. Hani Siba'i, “Calm Message to the Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood.” Available at http://www.tawhed.ws/r?i=zgadf08r

41. 11 April 2007. Available at http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=714&SectionID=0

42. Condemnation of attacks in India, 26 November 2008. Available at http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=18773&SectionID=0

43. See Assaf Moghadam, The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).

44. The book's main arguments were presented in the Egyptian newspaper al-Masry al-Youm, 29 June–6 July 2009; first installment available at http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ArticleID=217021

45. “Hafid al-Hussein,” 6 November 2007 (al-Hanein). Available at www.hanein.info/vb/showthread.php?t=42027

46. “Al-Ikhwani al-Salafi,” “Why I Defend the Mujahideen of al-Qa'ida,” 17 June 2008, al-Boraq. Available at http://www.alboraq.info/showthread.php?t=50080

47. Amaney Jamal and Mark Tessler, “Dimensions of Democratic Support in the Arab World,” Journal of Democracy 19 (January 2008), pp. 97–110; Tessler, “Islam and Democracy in the Middle East,” Comparative Politics 34 (April 2002), pp. 337–354.

48. Abdel Monem Said al-Aly, “The MB and the Question of Reform,” Middle East Brief 23 (Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University, October 2007).

49. Rutherford, Egypt after Mubarak; Baker, Islam Without Fear.

50. Author interviews with MB leaders in Jordan and Egypt.

51. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Al-Islam wa al-Dimoqratiyia [Islam and Democracy]. (Cairo: Dar al-Shorouq).

52. Samer Shehata and Joshua Stacher, “The Brotherhood Goes to Parliament,” Middle East Report 240 (2006), pp. 32–39.

53. Mohammed Ahmed al-Rashid, Naqadh al-Mantaq al-Silmi [Refutation of the Peaceful Logic] (Non-copyrighted Internet book, issued in Baghdad, September 2008).

54. Usama Tikriti, head of Islamic Party of Iraq, interviewed on Al-Jazeera, 2 February 2000. Available at http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archive?ArchiveID=89267

55. Mo'ataz Bi'llah Al-Jathami, “The ‘Nationalist’ AMSI,” al-Faloja, 24 April 2007. Available at http://www.al-faloja.info/vb/showthread.php?t=9558

56. Dulaymi, “ISI and the Political Council … What Next?”; for other examples see

57. Hijazi, “Shuhada wa Abtal bi Muwasifat Amrikiya,” al-Ekhlaas, 16 September 2007. Available at http://www.aekhlaas.net/forum/showthread.php?t=82424

58. Yasir Abu Hilalah, “The Disaster of the MB of Iraq,” al-Ghad, 6 May 2007. Available at http://alghad.jo/index.php?article=6260

59. Hussam Tammam, Transformations of the MB (Cairo: Madbouli 2006).

60. Quintan Wiktorowicz, The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001); Mohammed Abu Rumman and Hassan Abu Haniya, The Jihadist Salafi Movement in Jordan After Zarqawi (Berline Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung, 2009).

61. Ala al-Nadi, “Hamas tasfiya tarakat al-nasab al-ikhwani,” Islam Online, 13 January 2009. Available at http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&id=1231760477401&pagename=Islamyoun%2FIYALayout

62. Baqir al-Najjar, Religious Movements in the Arab Gulf (in Arabic; Dar al-Saqi 2007); Nabil al-Bakiri, Islam Online, 12 April 2008, “Gulf Brothers … Moving from Hidden into Open.” Available at http://www.ala7rar.net/nawah.php?tid=565; Mohanna al-Hubayl, “The State of the MB in the Gulf,” Islam Online, 3 June 2008. Available at http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1209358102635&pagename=Zone-Arabic-Daawa%2FDWALayout

63. Cited in al-Bakiri, “Gulf Brothers.”

64. The Saudi regime increasingly points to the MB influence to explain the rise of salafi-jihadism in the Kingdom, in part to deflect attention from its own Wahhabi establishment. For example, Al-Arabiya aired a two part program on the impact of the MB in Saudi Arabia, 27 April 2006.

65. See Madawi Al-Rasheed, Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation (New York: Cambridge University Press 2007); Stephane LaCroix, “Between Islamists and Liberals: Saudi Arabia's New ‘Islamo-Liberal Reformers,’” Middle East Journal 58(3) (2004) pp. 345–465; Hegghammer, Jihad in Arabia; Omar Mohammed al-‘Azzi, “The Saudi Ikhwan—Trend which Has Not Yet Said Its Word.” Al-Asar, 25 July 2004.

66. See Abdullah al-Nefisi, “Dissolve the MB.” Available at http://www.alnefisi.com/Default.aspx?Pages=item&id=62; also discussion by Mishari al-Zaydi, “Should the MB Disband,” al-Sharq al-Awsat 25 February 2007; Mohammed Abu Rumman, “Is Dissolving the MB Organization the Solution?” Al-Ghad, 26 February 2007. Available at http://www.alghad.jo/?article=5781

67. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Rewriting the Narrative.”

68. Lydia Khalil, “Al-Qa'ida & the Muslim Brotherhood: United by Strategy, Divided by Tactics,” Terrorism Monitor 4(6) (23 March 2006). Available at http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=714

69. For an interesting discussion of those who have left the MB, see Assam Talimi, “Departers from the Ikhwan: How, When and Why?” Islam Online, 1 November 2008.

70. Mohammed Hafez, Suicide Bombers in Iraq: The Strategy and Ideology of Martyrdom (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Place Press, 2007); Hegghammer, Jihad in Arabia.

71. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel.

72. Khalil al-Anani, “Salafis Ascendent in the Arab World,” Brookings Institution, 12 June 2008. Available at http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2008/0612_arab_conservatism_alanani.aspx; Ibrahim Houdaybi, a well-known youth moderate in the MB, describes this process in Egypt in an unpublished manuscript, “MB Youth and Radicalization” (2007).

73. Quoted in Ikhwan Online, 7 August 2006. Available at http://www.ikhwanonline.com/Article.asp?ArtID=22551&SecID=211

74. Abu Hadeel, “Oh Soldiers of the Islamic Army, Emigrate to Abi Omar al-Baghdadi,” 6 April 2007. Available at http://www.al-faloja.info/vb/showthread.php?t=8464

75. “Abu Bakr al-Qurshi,” “Question for the Lovers of the MB,” al-Boraq, 12 November 2006. Available at http://www.al-boraq.info/showthread.php?t=23676

76. “Sayf al-Islam,” “Wayn Ikhwanuna min Shabab al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin” [Where are our brothers from the youth of the MB?], 27 January 2007. Available at http://www.muslm.net/vb/showthread.php?t=197723

77. “Kayf Yakhdana Qadatna fi Jama'a al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen” [How Our Leaders in the MB Deceived Us]. Available at http://www.muslm.net/vb/showthread.php?t=232287

78. Libi, op. cit.

79. This paragraph is based on the author's personal interviews with MB youth activists in Egypt and Jordan in 2007 and 2008.