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Pages 929-946
Received 08 Jun 2012
Accepted 30 Jul 2012
Accepted author version posted online: 13 May 2013
Published online:24 Oct 2013
 
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In many medical studies, there are covariates that change their values over time and their analysis is most often modeled using the Cox regression model. However, many of these time-dependent covariates can be expressed as an intermediate event, which can be modeled using a multi-state model. Using the relationship of time-dependent (discrete) covariates and multi-state models, we compare (via simulation studies) the Cox model with time-dependent covariates with the most frequently used multi-state regression models. This article also details the procedures for generating survival data arising from all approaches, including the Cox model with time-dependent covariates.

Acknowledgments

We thank to a referee for careful reading of the article. This research was financed by FEDER Funds through Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade COMPETE and by Portuguese Funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within Projects Est-C/MAT/UI0013/2011 and PTDC/MAT/104879/2008.