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ABSTRACT

This paper interrogates the influence of a tradition-modernity dichotomy on perspectives and practices on sexual violence and sexual relationships involving girls in three districts of Kenya, Ghana and Mozambique. Through deploying an analytical framework of positioning within multiple discursive sites, we argue that although the dichotomy misrepresents the complexity of contemporary communities, it is nonetheless deployed by girls, educational initiatives and researchers in their reflections on girls’ sexual practices and sexual violence. The analysis examines variations between communities in patterns of and perspectives about sexual relationships, transactional sex and sexual violence. It illuminates ways in which features of ‘modernisation’ and ‘tradition’ both exacerbate and protect girls from violence. Across contexts, girls actively positioned themselves between tradition and modernity, while positioning others at the extreme poles. Education initiatives also invoked bipolar positions in their attempts to protect girls’ rights to education and freedom from violence. The paper concludes by considering the implications for educational intervention and the potential for the analytical framing to generate richer, more contextualised understandings about girls’ perspectives, experiences and ways of resisting sexual violence.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to project staff working on ActionAid's project: Stop Violence Against Girls in School in Kenya, Ghana and Mozambique, and to Tim Hess for their support for the research. We are very grateful to Elaine Unterhalter for feedback on the draft.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The authors are grateful to the Big Lottery Fund, which funded the research discussed in this paper.

Notes on contributors

Jenny Parkes is a Reader in Education at the Institute of Education, University College London. Her research interests include violence, gender and young people. She was the Principal Investigator for the Stop Violence Against Girls in School research in Kenya, Ghana and Mozambique.

Jo Heslop is a Lecturer at the Institute of Education, University College London. She works in the field of gender, education and international development, with particular interests in gender violence in schools, sexuality, identities and the research-policy-practice interface. Her current research is located in Nigeria, Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique and Ghana.

Francisco Januario is Deputy Dean for Research and Extension and Course Director for the Masters in Science and Mathematics Education at Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique. He works in the field of educational assessment, research methods, and gender in education and was the coordinator of the research in Mozambique for ActionAid's Stop Violence Against Girls in School project.

Samwel Oando is the Data Analyst at the Directorate of Quality Assurance of Catholic University of Eastern Africa. He coordinated the research in Kenya for ActionAid's Stop Violence Against Girls in School project.

Susan Sabaa is Executive Director of CRRECENT, the Child Research and Resource Centre in Ghana. She is a children's rights activist, researcher and a consultant with GNECC (Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition), and she coordinated the research in Ghana for ActionAid's Stop Violence Against Girls in School project.