Play theories are divided into classical (Surplus energy theory, Recreation or Relaxation theory, Practice or Pre‐exercise theory, and Recapitulation theory); and modern theories (Psychoanalytic theory. Arousal Modulation theory, Bateson's Metacommunicative theory, and Cognitive theories). Although all classical play theories have serious weaknesses based on outdated, discredited beliefs about energy, instincts, and evolution, they are very important, because they operate as a basis for the modern play theories. In all theories of play there is a duality in the process of play in terms of personal expression versus social adaptation. Generally, most of the research deals with the relationship between play and cognitive development, and the strongest link is in the area of creativity. However, there are many doubts about this relationship, asking questions such as which component of the situation ‐ play, adult involvement, or peer interaction ‐ is responsible for the gains about play.