David T. Orletsky, David A. Shlapak, and Barry A. Wilson, Dire Strait? Military Aspects of the China-Taiwan Confrontation and Options for U.S. Policy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000), pp. 27–28.

Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, “The Coming Conflict with America,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 2 (March/April 1997), p. 30.

Thomas Kane, “China's Foundations: Guiding Principles of Chinese Foreign Policy,” Comparative Strategy, vol. 20, no. 1 (2001), p. 52.

Keith B. Payne, “Deterrence and Strategic Forces,” lecture on April 22, 2004, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, MO.

Tiejun Zhang, “Chinese Strategic Culture: Traditional and Present Features,” Comparative Strategy, vol. 21, no. 2 (2002), p. 74.

Ibid., p. 81.

Toby Lauterbach, “Nuclear Forces and the Geopolitical Objectives of the People's Republic of China” (Master's thesis, Southwest Missouri State University, 2000), p. 26.

Kane, “China's Foundations: Guiding Principles of Chinese Foreign Policy,” p. 46.

Tiejun, p. 82.

Lauterbach, p. 40.

Maria Hsia Chang, “Chinese Irredentist Nationalism: The Magician's Last Trick,” Comparative Strategy, vol. 17, no. 1 (1998), p. 88.

Andrew Scobell, China and Strategic Culture, (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, May 2002), p. 11.

Ibid., p. 4.

Phillip C. Saunders, “Chinese Views of its Military Modernization,” Monterey Institute of International Studies, October 2001, < http://CNS.miis.edu/pubs/dc/track2/list/saunders.pdf > (April 5, 2004), p. 56.

Lauterbach, p. 40.

Allen S. Whiting, The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1975), p. 200.

Scobell, p. 11.

Liz Sly, “A State of Paranoia,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 55, no. 5 (September October 1999), p. 39.

Whiting, p. 203.

Tiejun, p. 81.

Jon Tetsuro Sumida, Inventing Grand Strategy and Teaching Command: The Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan Reconsidered (Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 42.

Ibid., p. 68.

Phillip A. Crowl, “Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian,” in Peter Paret, ed., Mak ers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 458.

Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965; originally published 1959), p. 80.

Giulio Douhet, The Command of the Air, 2^nd ed., trans. Dino Ferrari. (Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1983), p. 4.

Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Seapower Upon History, 1660–1783 (New York, NY: Hill and Wang 1964), p. 25.

Whiting, p. 246.

Orletsky, Shlapak, and Wilson, pp. 10–11.

Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), pp. 188–189.

Orletsky, Shlapak, and Wilson, p. 11.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Crowl, p. 455.

Orletsky, Shlapak, and Wilson, pp. 10–11.

Thomas M. Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” Parameters, vol. 32, no. 4 (Winter 2003–2004), p. 104.

Crowl, p. 458.

Bernstein and Munro, The Coming Conflict with China, pp. 192–193.

Ibid., pp. 186–189.

Ibid., p. 188.

Orletsky, Shlapak, and Wilson, p. 38.

Ibid., pp. 12–13.

Ibid., pp. 38–39.

Bernard D. Cole and Paul H.B. Godwin, edited by Larry M. Wortzel, “Advanced Military Technology and the PLA: Priorities and Capabilities for the 21^st Century, in The Chinese Armed Forces in the 21 ^st Century (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 1999), pp. 203–205.

Alastair Iain Johnston, “China's New ‘Old Thinking’: The Concept of Limited Deterrence,” International Security, vol. 20, no. 3 (Winter 1995/96), p. 12.

Ibid.

Ibid., pp. 11, 13.

Ibid., p. 12.

Cole and Godwin, p. 203.

Lauterbach, p. 111.

Ibid., p. 112.

David Shambaugh, “China's Military Views the World,” International Security, vol. 24, no. 3 (Winter 99/2000), pp. 56–58.

Saunders, p. 56.

Johnston, p. 19.

Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Annual Report on the Military Power of the People's Republic of China, Report to Congress Pursuant to the FY2000 National Defense Authorization Act (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 28 July 2003), p. 21.

Payne, “Deterrence and Strategic Forces.”

Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” p. 103.

Robert A. Manning, Ronald Montaperto, and Brad Roberts, eds., China, Nuclear Weapons, and Arms Control (New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 2000), pp. 32–33.

Litai Xue, edited by John C. Hopkins and Weixing Hu, “Evolution of China's Nuclear Strategy” in Strategic Views from the Second Tier: The Nuclear Weapons Policies of France, Britain, and China (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995), p. 171.

Ibid., p. 172.

Ibid.

Department of Defense, p. 31.

You Ji, “Nuclear Power in the Post-Cold War Era: The Development of China's Nuclear Strategy,” Comparative Strategy, vol. 18, no. 3 (August 1999), p. 247.

Jonathan D. Pollack, edited by John C. Hopkins and Weixing Hu, “The Future of China's Nuclear Weapons Policy,” in Strategic Views from the Second Tier: The Nuclear Weapons Policies of France, Britain, and China (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995), pp. 159–160.

Pollack, p. 159.

Manning, Montaperto, and Roberts, p. 18 and footnote 13.

Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” p. 104.

Litai, pp. 172–173.

Department of Defense, p. 31.

Johnston, p. 12.

Ibid., pp. 12, 16.

Ibid., p. 9.

Ibid., p. 13.

Michael Pillsbury, ed., “Chinese Views of Future Warfare.” Institute for Strategic Studies 1996, < http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/chinview/chinacont.html > (April 20, 2004).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Department of Defense, p. 31.

Ibid., p. 18.

Mark A. Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 1999), pp. 5, 9. Also see Kane, “China's Foundations: Guiding Principles of Chinese Foreign Policy,” pp. 102–104.

Johnston, p. 6.

Cole and Godwin, p. 206.

Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” p. 101.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, p. 14.

Larry M. Wortzel, China's Military Potential (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 1998): p. vi.

Ibid.

Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” p. 100.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, p. 10.

Kathryn L. Gauthier, China as Peer Competitor?: Trends in Nuclear Weapons, Space, and Information Warfare (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 1999), pp. 19–20.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, pp. 1–2, 7.

Mark A. Stokes, edited by Andrew Scobell and Larry M. Wortzel, “Chinese Ballistic Missile Forces in the Age of Global Missile Defense: Challenges and Responses,” in China's Growing Military Power: Perspectives on Security, Ballistic Missiles, and Conventional Capabilities (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 1999), pp. 109–110.

Manning, Montaperto, Roberts, p. 19.

Stokes, China's Growing Military Power: Perspectives on Security, Ballistic Missiles, and Conventional Capabilities, p. 110.

Ibid., p. 111.

Manning, Montaperto, and Roberts, pp. 19–20.

Ibid.

Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” p. 108.

Michael D. Swaine and Loren H. Runyon, NBR Analysis: Ballistic Missiles and Missile Defense in Asia (Seattle, WA: The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2002), pp. 12–13.

Ibid.

Ibid., pp. 17–18.

Stokes, China's Growing Military Power: Perspectives on Security, Ballistic Missiles, and Conventional Capabilities, pp. 112–113.

Swaine and Runyon, p. 20.

Ming Zhang, China's Changing Nuclear Posture (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999), p. 2.

Ibid.

Manning, Montaperto, and Roberts, p. 20.

Swaine and Runyon, p. 19.

Ming, p. 2.

Ibid.

Lauterbach, p. 130.

Gauthier, p. 3.

Ibid.

You, p. 247.

Stokes, China's Growing Military Power: Perspectives on Security, Ballistic Missiles, and Conventional Capabilities, p. 91.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, p. 96.

Ibid., pp. 96–97.

Cole and Godwin, p. 195.

Kane, “Dragon or Dinosaur? Nuclear Weapons in a Modernizing China,” p. 107.

Manning, Montaperto, and Roberts, p. 21.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, p. 96.

Lauterbach, p. 115.

Wortzel, China's Military Potential, p. 16.

Cole and Godwin, pp. 196–197.

Ibid.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, p. 97.

Wortzel, China's Military Potential, p. 22.

Department of Defense, pp. 31–32.

Stokes, China's Growing Military Power: Perspectives on Security, Ballistic Missiles, and Conventional Capabilities, pp. 113–114.

Department of Defense, pp. 32–33.

Lauterbach, p. 230.

Department of Defense, p. 33.

Ibid., p. 32.

Cole and Godwin, p. 205.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Gauthier, pp. 19–20.

Stokes, China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States, p. 117.

Ibid., pp. 117–122.

Lauterbach, p. 145.