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Articles

The Effects of Spatial Scale and Aggregation on Food Access Assessment: A Case Study of Tucson, Arizona

Pages 337-347
Received 01 May 2016
Accepted 01 Aug 2016
Published online: 14 Dec 2016
 

Adequate access to healthy food has become a social issue due to the recent Great Recession and heightened levels of unemployment. Geographers have focused their attention on how to accurately evaluate food access and how to identify and delineate food deserts; that is, low-income neighborhoods where affordable and healthy food is lacking or limited. Findings of recent food access studies are, however, dramatically inconsistent. We argue that spatial scale and the level of aggregation used in constructing food access measures could account for a major portion of the varying results. We draw on an empirical study in the Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan area, to examine how varying geographic scales and aggregation methods affect food access assessment. We also provide an analysis to show how spatial scale and aggregation practices lead to inconsistent conclusions about food access and designation of food deserts.

由于晚进的大萧条与恶化的失业程度, 取得健康粮食的充足管道已成为一个社会议题。地理学者们聚焦如何精确地评估粮食取得管道, 以及如何指认和描绘粮食荒漠; 亦即可负担且健康的粮食缺乏或有限的低收入邻里。晚近粮食取得的研究发现却显着不一致。我们主张, 建构粮食取得方法时使用的空间尺度与综合水平, 能够说明此般各异的研究结果中的主要部分。我们运用在亚利桑那大都会地带的图森所进行的经验研究, 检视差异的地理尺度和彙整方法, 如何导致有关粮食取得和指认粮食荒漠的不一致结论。

El acceso adecuado a comida saludable se ha convertido en un tema social álgido debido a la reciente Gran Recesión y a la intensificación de los niveles de desempleo. Los geógrafos han centrado su atención sobre el modo de evaluar con exactitud la accesibilidad a los alimentos y cómo identificar y delinear los desiertos alimentarios; esto es, vecindarios de bajos ingresos donde los alimentos saludables y accesibles no existen o son limitados. Los hallazgos de estudios recientes sobre acceso a los alimentos, sin embargo, son dramáticamente inconsistentes. Sostenemos que la escala espacial y el nivel de agregación usados para la construcción de medidas de accesibilidad alimentaria podrían ser los determinantes de una porción importante de esos resultados variados. Nos basamos en un estudio empírico en la región metropolitana de Tucson, Arizona, para examinar cómo afectan a la evaluación del acceso a los alimentos las variables escalas geográficas y los métodos de agregación. También suministramos un análisis para indicar cómo la escala espacial y las prácticas de agregación llevan a conclusiones inconsistentes acerca de acceso a los alimentos y la designación de desiertos alimentarios.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. David Plane for reviewing and editing earlier versions of the article and providing insightful feedback.

Funding

The research is partially supported by the National Science Foundation (#1461390 and #1433681). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

Notes

1 Defined as “a low-income census tract where a substantial number or share of residents has low access to a supermarket or large grocery store” (USDA 2011).

2 “Census tract … generally follow permanent, visible features, such as streets, roads, highways, rivers, canals, railroads, and high-tension power lines” (U.S. Census Bureau n.d.).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Katharine Yang Bao

KATHARINE YANG BAO is a PhD student in the School of Geography and Development at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. E-mail: . Her research interests are food studies, retail geography, demography, migration, and spatial analysis, including spatial statistics, spatial optimization, and GIS.

Daoqin Tong

DAOQIN TONG is an Associate Professor in the School of Geography and Development at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. E-mail: . Her research interests are spatial analytical approaches including spatial optimization, GIS, and spatial statistics with applications in urban and regional planning, transportation, public health, food access, and urban agriculture.

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