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Articles

Divergent Perspectives on Water Security: Bridging the Policy Debate

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Pages 62-71
Received 01 Mar 2013
Accepted 01 Jul 2013
Published online: 07 Mar 2014
 

Environmental policy discussion is replete with references to water security, food security, ecosystem health, community resilience, sustainable development, and sustainable urbanism. These terms are, by their very nature, ambiguous and difficult to define; they allow room, however, for a variety of actors to conceptualize water, food, ecological, economic, and urban problems in ways that allow them to move forward on contentious issues. This article focuses on the idea of water security and asks how it is conceptualized and used for regional policy debate in western Canada. We asked fifty-eight water stakeholders from the Saskatchewan River Basin to define water security, identify major barriers to security, and prioritize water problems. Responses showed there are myriad ways to think about water security, ranging from narrow conceptualizations, such as reliability, quality, and quantity, to broader sustainability perspectives about the nature of resource development and its social and economic consequences. The human dimensions of water security (governance, land use, and competing demands) were assigned higher priority than its biophysical aspects (flooding, droughts, and climate change). Framing water security to emphasize the human capacity to manage uncertain and rapid biophysical and societal change offers the opportunity to unite actors who otherwise would be separated by core environmental values, definitions of water security, provincial context (Alberta vs. Saskatchewan), and occupation.

环境政策的讨论, 充满着有关水资源安全、粮食安全、生态系统健康、社群恢復力、可持续发展, 以及可持续城市主义等指涉。这些概念本身是模煳且难以定义的, 但却给予了各类行动者概念化水、食物、生态、经济以及城市问题的空间, 并使他们得以在争议的议题中推进。本文聚焦水资源安全的构想, 探问该构想如何被概念化, 并被运用于加拿大西部区域政策的辩论中。我们请萨斯喀彻温河流域的五十八位水资源利害关係人定义何谓水资源安全、指认安全性的主要障碍, 并对水资源的问题进行排序。回应者显示出各式各样思考水资源安全的方式, 包含可信度、水质及水量等狭义的概念化, 到资源发展的本质及其社经后果等更为广泛的可持续性观点。水资源安全的人类面向 (治理、土地使用, 以及竞争的需求), 被赋予较其生物物理面向 (洪泛、乾旱及气候变迁) 更高的优先性。将水资源安全构思为强调人类管理不确定性和快速的生物物理及社会变迁的能力, 提供了团结行动者的契机, 否则这些行动者可能会因为不同的环境核心价值、水资源安全的定义、各省的脉络 (阿伯塔省对抗萨斯喀彻温省), 以及职业差异而分崩离析。

La discusión sobre políticas ambientales está repleta de referencias a la seguridad hídrica, la seguridad alimentaria, la salubridad ecosistémica, la resiliencia comunitaria, el desarrollo sustentable y el urbanismo sustentable. Por su propia naturaleza, estos términos son ambiguos y difíciles de definir; sin embargo, ellos le hacen campo a una variedad de actores para que conceptualicen sobre problemas hidrológicos, alimentarios, ecológicos, económicos y urbanos, de modo que les permitan avanzar en cuestiones debatibles. Este artículo está enfocado en la idea de seguridad hídrica, preguntándonos como se conceptualiza este asunto y cómo se utiliza en la discusión sobre la política regional en el occidente del Canadá. Le pedimos a cincuenta y ocho personas con interés en problemas del agua de la cuenca del Río Saskatchewan que definieran lo que entienden por seguridad hídrica, identificaran las principales barreras que hay contra la seguridad y clasificaran los problemas del agua. Las respuestas ponen de presente la extraordinaria variedad de opiniones acerca de la seguridad hídrica, desde conceptualizaciones tan estrechas como la confiabilidad, calidad y cantidad, hasta más amplias perspectivas de sustentabilidad acerca de la naturaleza del desarrollo del recurso y sus consecuencias sociales y económicas. A las dimensiones humanas relacionadas con la seguridad hídrica (gobernanza, uso del suelo y demandas competitivas) se les confirió mayor prioridad que a sus aspectos biofísicos (inundación, sequía y cambio climático). El ubicar la seguridad hídrica para enfatizar la capacidad humana en el manejo de cambios sociales y biofísicos, rápidos e inciertos, ofrece la oportunidad de unir actores que de otra manera estarían separados por valores ambientales medulares, por definiciones de seguridad hídrica, el contexto provincial (Alberta vs. Saskatchewan) y la ocupación.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Patricia A. Gober

PATRICIA A. GOBER is a Professor in the Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Diefenbaker Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B8, Canada. E-mail: . She is also a research scientist in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. Her research deals with North American water resource management, decision making under uncertainty, urban climate adaptation, and science–policy engagement.

Graham E. Strickert

GRAHAM E. STRICKERT is a contract lecturer at the Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. E-mail: . He is a social-systems scientist and research coordinator for collaborative research about problems in complex human–environmental systems. His research involves wicked problems, cultural theory, socio-hydrology, mixed methods, and hazard risk assessment.

Douglas A. Clark

DOUGLAS A. CLARK is Centennial Chair and Assistant Professor in the School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada. E-mail: . His studies focus on decisions under conditions of rapid social-ecological change, conservation governance, and wildlife and protected area management.

Kwok P. Chun

KWOK P. CHUN is postdoctoral fellow at the Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. E-mail: . His research interests are in statistical downscaling of climate scenarios for the assessment of nonstationary hydrological characteristics, including floods and droughts.

Diana Payton

DIANA PAYTON is a student in the Masters in Public Policy Program in the Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B8, Canada. E-mail: . Her thesis looks at how conceptualizations of water as a commodity and common good have influenced policy formation in Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Kristin Bruce

KRISTIN BRUCE is a student in the Masters of Public Policy Program at the Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B8, Canada. E-mail: . She is currently investigating place-based water governance strategies in the Saskatoon South East Water Supply System looking at soft-path, adaptive strategies to deal with climate uncertainty.

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