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Abstract
This article highlights the work of Coretta Scott King in the struggle for governmental guarantees to employment in the 1970s. In the two decades after her husband’s death, Scott King devoted herself to achieving governmental guarantees to employment and disentangling militarism and violence from the economy. For her, this was the continuation of the civil rights movement. Considering the efforts of Scott King highlights the class content of the long civil rights struggle after the 1960s and the contested evolution of neoliberalism. Further, focusing on the unsuccessful efforts of Scott King also reveals the difficulty of achieving legislation to ameliorate the crisis of unemployment, and how racism and patriarchy structured labor markets during this period.
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the fellows of the Center for Place, Culture, and Politics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2014–2015, especially Amy Chazkel, Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Christina Hanhardt, David Harvey, Lucia Trimbur, and Laurel Mei Turbin for their attentive feedback. Many thanks for assistance on later drafts to the editors, two anonymous reviewers, Jessie Kindig, Lydia Pelot-Hobbs, and Rebecca Popuch. Dan Berger, Craig Gilmore, Sarah Haley, Shana Redmond, and Ari Wohlfeiler have provided consistent support and encouragement.
About the Author
David P. Stein is the Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center for Place, Culture, and Politics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Trained in interdisciplinary methods, he is a historian whose research focuses on the interconnection between social movements and political and economic relations in post-1865 U.S. history. He is currently working on his book manuscript, Fearing Inflation, Inflating Fears: The Civil Rights Struggle for Full Employment and the Rise of the Carceral State, 1929-1986, which details the struggles of Black freedom movement organizers to create governmental guarantees to a job or income, and how such efforts were stifled. Fearing Inflation describes the long history and aftermath of the campaign designed by civil rights activist Bayard Rustin and prominent economist Leon Keyserling for a “Freedom Budget for All Americans,” in the mid-1960s, and the subsequent attempts to achieve legislation to guarantee employment in the 1970s. He co-hosts and produces Who Makes Cents?: A History of Capitalism Podcast with Betsy Beasley.
Notes
John Maynard Keynes, “The United States and the Keynes Plan,” The New Republic, July 29, 1940, 158. See also: Robert M. Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 1929–1964 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), 12.
Congressional Record, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. (1975), 10887–89. See also: Mary Ellen Perry, “Q and A: Coretta Scott King on Justice–Economic,” The Washington Star, April 15, 1975. Box: 9, Folder: 8. ACTWU’s Vice-President’s Office Records #5619/029. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library (hereafter cited as ACTWU VP Papers).
In addition to a general lack of scholarly emphasis on her life as a political actor with relative autonomy to her husband, Scott King’s papers are not available for researchers. On the archival struggles surrounding the Martin Luther King Center, see: Gail Drakes, “Who Owns Your Archive?: Historians and the Challenge of Intellectual Property Law,” in Doing Recent History: On Privacy, Copyright, Video Games, Institutional Review Boards, Activist Scholarship, and History That Talks Back, edited by Claire Bond Potter and Renee Christine Romano (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012), 83–112. On challenges of Black women’s intellectual history, see: Mia Bay, Farah J. Griffin, Martha S. Jones, and Barbara Savage, eds., “Introduction: Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women,” in Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 6. See also: Jeanne Theoharis, “Accidental Matriarchs and Beautiful Helpmates: Rosa Parks, Coretta Scott King, and the Memorialization of the Civil Rights Movement,” in Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement, edited by Emilye Crosby (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 385–418; Vicki Crawford, “In Memoriam: Coretta Scott King and the Struggle for Civil and Human Rights: An Enduring Legacy,” Journal of African American History 92, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 106–17.
152 Congressional Record. E79. (daily ed. Feb. 7, 2006) (statement of John Lewis).
152 Cong. Rec. E78. (daily ed. Feb. 7, 2006) (statement of Martin Meehan). 152 Cong. Rec. E102. (daily ed. Feb. 8, 2006) (statement of Chaka Fattah).
“Summary of Full Employment Act.” Full Employment Action News, November 1978. Box: 64, Folder: 13. United Federation of Teachers Records, WAG. 022, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University (hereafter cited as UFT Papers).
Such a distinction, as Scott King noted, was fraught in and of itself. See also: Manning Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society. Updated ed. (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000), 30.
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall. “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” The Journal of American History 91, no. 4 (March 2005): 1233–63; Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita, and Clarence Lang, “The ‘Long Movement’ as Vampire: Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies,” Journal of African American History 92, no. 2 (Spring 2007).
Dayo F. Gore, Jeanne Theoharis, and Komozi Woodard, eds., Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 4, 11.
Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Mittelstadt, and Marisa Chappell, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935–1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 5–6; Theda R. Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 218–21. Alice Kessler-Harris, In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th Century America (Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001), 105–106.
Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005), 115–16; Louis Hyman, Debtor Nation: The History of America in Red Ink (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 137–145; Louis Hyman, “Ending Discrimination, Legitimating Debt: The Political Economy of Race, Gender, and Credit Access in the 1960s and 1970s,” Enterprise and Society 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 200–32.
“National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2015,” Department of Defense: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), April 2014. http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2015/FY15_green_book.pdf, 260.
Leon H. Keyserling, “Toward a National Commitment for Full Employment,” April 1974. Box: 1, Folder: 9. ACTWU’s Murray Finley Records from the President’s Office. #5619/036. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library (hereafter cited as Finley Papers).
Martin Luther King, Jr., “Beyond Vietnam,” April 4, 1967. http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_beyond_vietnam/ (accessed August 21, 2015).
A notable exception is: Ingo Schmidt, “There Were Alternatives: Lessons From Efforts to Advance Beyond Keynesian and Neoliberal Economic Policies in the 1970s,” WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society 14, no. 4 (December 2011): 473–98.
W. H. Lawrence, “‘Wallace or War’ Keynotes Progressive Party Conclave,” The New York Times, July 24, 1948.
Thomas W. Devine, Henry Wallace’s 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism, 1st ed. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 156; Gerald Horne, Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 108–11.
Shirley Graham, “Shirley Graham’s Keynote Speech, 1948.” Progressive Party, 1948. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b121-i315 (accessed March 4, 2015).
Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, edited by V. G. Kiernan (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 120; Paul Gilroy, “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack”: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 31–34.
Shirley Graham, “Shirley Graham’s Keynote Speech, 1948,” Progressive Party, 1948. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b121-i315 (accessed March 4, 2015).
Cedric Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Robin Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002); Dayo F. Gore, Jeanne Theoharis, and Komozi Woodard, eds., Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle (New York: New York University Press, 2009). Dayo F. Gore, Radicalism at the Crossroads: African American Women Activists in the Cold War (New York: New York University Press, 2013).
Gerald Horne, Race Woman, 113.
Jaqueline Trescott, “The New Coretta Scott King: Emerging From the Legacy,” The Washington Post, January 15, 1978; Edythe Scott Bagley, Desert Rose: The Life and Legacy of Coretta Scott King (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2012), 81.
Trescott, “The New Coretta Scott King: Emerging From the Legacy,” The Washington Post, January 15, 1978.
Bagley, Desert Rose, 24.
Trescott, “The New Coretta Scott King: Emerging From the Legacy,” The Washington Post, January 15, 1978.
Martin Luther King, Clayborne Carson, Peter Holloran, Ralph Luker, and Penny A. Russell, The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., vol. 6 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 124.
Thomas Jackson, From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 47; Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1st Vintage Books ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), 236, 375.
Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., Rev. ed. (New York: Puffin Books, 1994), 193.
Mabs Kemp, “‘Women Strike for Peace’ Hear Mrs. Martin L. King,” The Baltimore Afro American, November 16, 1963.
Bruce Lawson, “We Daily Face Death: Mrs. King,” The Globe and Mail, May 10, 1965; King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., 237.
Lawson, “We Daily Face Death: Mrs. King.”.
King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., 272–73.
Jaqueline Trescott, “The New Coretta Scott King: Emerging From the Legacy,” The Washington Post, January 15, 1978.
Gordon Keith Mantler, Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960–1974 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 65–153; Jackson, From Civil Rights to Human Rights, 329–70; Michael Honey, Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign (New York, London: W.W. Norton & Co., 2007), 1–2.
“Coretta King: Remarkable Woman.” The New York Amsterdam News, April 13, 1968.
“Mrs. King Speaks at Harvard.” Bay State Banner, June 20, 1968.
Otto Kerner, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: Bantam Books, 1968), 7.
King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., 313.
Scott King was by no means alone in this respect. She was part of a broad milieu of activists who organized at the intersection of economic justice and peace movements. On other articulations of this sensibility and Scott King’s politics prior to the 1970s, see: Jenna M. Loyd, Health Rights Are Civil Rights: Peace and Justice Activism in Los Angeles, 1963–1978 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 82–87, 105–20; Leon Fink and Brian Greenberg, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone: A History of Hospital Workers’ Union, Local 1199 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 129–58.
Mary Ellen Perry, “Q and A: Coretta Scott King On Justice–Economic,” The Washington Star, April 15, 1975. Box: 9, Folder: 8. ACTWU VP Papers.
Richard D. Wolff and Stephen A. Resnick, Contending Economic Theories: Neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012), 16–21; Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 1–20.
Joseph R. L. Sterne, “King Widow Leads Trek by Mothers,” The Baltimore Sun, May 13, 1968; Mary Wiegers, “Coretta King Stresses Women Power,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, June 20, 1968.
Julius Duscha, “Wilbur Mills Has a Lot to Say About Your Taxes: The Most Important Man On Capitol Hill Today,” The New York Times, February 25, 1968.
Ethel Payne, “Set Permanent Political Unit: Delegates at Gary Steadfast,” The Chicago Daily Defender, March 13, 1972.
The National Black Political Agenda (Washington, DC: National Black Political Convention, 1972), 28–29; Guy Halverson and Gil Scott, “Blacks Stiffen Political Front at U.S. Rally,” The Christian Science Monitor, March 14, 1972.
Coretta Scott King, “Today’s Student,” International Education 2, no. 1 (Fall 1972): 27–28.
A. Philip Randolph Institute, “A Freedom Budget” For All Americans: Budgeting Our Resources, 1966–1975 to Achieve “Freedom From Want” (New York: A. Philip Randolph Institute, 1966); “Black Panther Party for Self Defense Ten Point Platform & Program,” October 1966. http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/home/bpp_program_platform.html (accessed December 6, 2010); Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Mittelstadt, and Marisa Chappell, eds., “Welfare Rights Activists Propose a Guaranteed Annual Income (1969),” in Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935–1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 158–162.
On this point I am informed by Hasan Jeffries’s concept of “freedom rights.” See: Hasan Kwame Jeffries, Bloody Lowndes: Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama’s Black Belt (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 4; W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (New York: Free Press, 1998), 189, 219–21.
The Editors, “Unfinished Business of the 1972 Elections,” Freedomways 12, no. 1 (1972): 6.
James M. Naughton, “Mrs. King is Expected to Back McGovern Today,” The New York Times, May 18, 1972.
“Coretta King Endorses McGovern for President,” Cleveland Call and Post, June 3, 1972.
Lucinda Smith, “1200 of Nation’s Poor Convene in R.I.,” Boston Globe, July 29, 1971.
“Shaping the Democratic Platform,” The New York Times, July 2, 1972; John W. Finney, “McGovern Urges Ceiling on Spending for Defense,” The New York Times, August 1, 1972; “MLK Proteges Guide McGovern,” The Chicago Daily Defender, July 15, 1972.
Peter B. Levy, The New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 179–80; Harvey Swados, “Labor Leadership vs. McGovern,” The New York Times, August 20, 1972.
Andrew Levison, The National Committee for Full Employment and the Full Employment Action Council in the 1970s. Interview by David Stein, November 14, 2013; Theo Lippman Jr., “What Minneapolis Backlashed Against,” The Baltimore Sun, July 6, 1969; Arnold Isaacs, “Pittsburgh: Union Reform or Else?” The Baltimore Sun, September 7, 1969; Tom Kahn, “Nixon, the Great Society, and the Future of Social Policy–A Symposium,” Commentary, May 1, 1973, 44; Jerry T. Manuel and Andrew Urban, “‘You Can’t Legislate the Heart’: Minneapolis Mayor Charles Stenvig and the Politics of Law and Order,” American Studies 49, no. 3/4 (Fall/Winter 2008): 195–219.
Cynthia Bellamy, “Abernathy Resigns; SCLC Faces Dim Financial Future,” Bay State Banner, July 19, 1973; “SCLC in Crisis.” Sun Reporter, July 21, 1973.
The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change, “By-Laws of the Martin Luther King Center for Social Change as Amended,” N.D. Circa 1972. Box: 12, Folder: 31. Cleveland Robinson Papers WAG.006.001. Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University (hereafter cited as Robinson Papers).
Coretta Scott King and The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change, “Letter to Full Employment Conference Invitees,” May 31, 1974. Box: 69, Folder: 23. UFT Papers.
Coretta Scott King and The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change, “A Four Point Employment Statement,” May 31, 1974. Box: 69, Folder: 23. UFT Papers.
William H. Beveridge, Full Employment in a Free Society (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1944), 18–19. On Beveridge’s influence, see: Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), 485–510.
Bayard Rustin and Cleveland Robinson, “March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Organizing Manual No. 1,” 1963. Box: 30, Folder: 1. Bayard Rustin Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
Marisa Chappell, The War on Welfare: Family, Poverty, and Politics in Modern America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 125–38.
Charlayne Hunter, “Panel of 100 Asks Full Employment,” The New York Times, June 15, 1974.
These were parallel non-profit organizations primarily separated for tax purposes. See: Andrew Levison, The National Committee for Full Employment and the Full Employment Action Council in the 1970s. Interview by David Stein, November 14, 2013.
National Committee for Full Employment, “Notes on Recent Activities,” April 11, 1975. Box: 6, Folder: 11. ACTWU VP Papers.
“Meeting Minutes of the Board of Directors of the National Committee for Full Employment,” October 18, 1974. Box: 1, Folder: 8. Finley Papers.
National Committee for Full Employment, “Statement of Purpose,” N.D. Circa 1974. Box: 1, Folder: 9. Finley Papers.
“Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject: Unemployment Rate, 1948–2014,” Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet (accessed July 1, 2013).
Kevin Michael Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton, NJ and Woodstock, England: Princeton University Press, 2007), 240–41.
“U.S. Cities Cut Services, Jobs to Make Ends Meet,” The Atlanta Constitution, November 29, 1974; Frank Wells and Tom Henderson, “2,300 Layoffs Swell State Jobless Rolls,” The Atlanta Constitution, December 28, 1974; Jim Merriner, “City to Get U.S. Grant of $2.7 Million for Jobs,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 4, 1975.
“Mrs. King Sees Changing South,” The Hartford Courant, January 12, 1975.
“H.15 Selected Interest Rates,” Data Download Program, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. http://www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/Download.aspx?rel=H15&series=6fa2b8138e0eafe0ad6cde24ba2307f5&filetype=spreadsheetml&label=include&layout=seriescolumn&from=01/01/1929&to=01/31/2015 (accessed March 14, 2015).
Jim Merriner, “225 City Jobs Open to Atlantans,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 8, 1975; “Thousands Stampede for 225 Jobs.” The Hartford Courant, January 11, 1975; Paul West, “Job Seekers Break Down Doors,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 11, 1975; Paul West, “3,000 Break Down Doors for Jobs,” The Washington Post, January 11, 1975.
Paul West, “Job Seekers Break Down Doors,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 11, 1975.
“Mrs. King Sees Changing South,” The Hartford Courant, January 12, 1975.
Ibid.
Fred Orehek, “1,000 Early Birds Wait for Prizes—Jobs,” Chicago Tribune, January 11, 1975.
Studs Terkel, Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do (New York: New Press, 2004), xi.
Joan Robinson, “Planning Full Employment II: Alternative Solutions of a Dilemma,” The Times, January 23, 1943.
Daniel J. B. Mitchell and Christopher L. Erickson, “The Concept of Wage-Push Inflation: Development and Policy,” Labor History 49, no. 4 (November 2008): 417–38.
Jay Mathews, “Hundreds Apply for 47 Arlington Jobs,” The Washington Post, January 12, 1975; Paul West, “Job Seekers Break Down Doors,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 11, 1975.
Harry Maurer, Not Working: An Oral History of the Unemployed, 1st ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1979), 5, 12.
Harvey Brenner, “Estimating the Social Costs of National Economic Policy: Implications for Mental and Physical Health, and Criminal Aggression,” Joint Economic Committee: Congress of the United States, October 26, 1976, VII, 5.
Mary Ellen Perry, “Q and A: Coretta Scott King On Justice–Economic,” The Washington Star, April 15, 1975. Box: 9, Folder: 8. ACTWU VP Papers.
Ibid.
John K. Galbraith, “Galbraith Worries About the Kansas Teacher,” The Washington Post and Times Herald, February 28, 1965.
Leonard Silk, “Inadequate Stimulus: Ford’s ‘Quick Fix’ Seen as Too Weak With Energy Plans Only Shuffling Funds,” New York Times, January 15, 1975.
Gerald Ford, “Transcript of Ford’s Address on Nation’s Economic and Energy Problems,” New York Times, January 14, 1975.
Gerald Ford, “Transcript of Ford’s Address on Nation’s Economic and Energy Problems,” New York Times, January 14, 1975.
“Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject: Unemployment Rate, 1948–2014,” Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet (accessed July 1, 2013).
Full Employment Action Council. “New York Times Advertisement: ‘An Emergency Program for Immediate Action,‘” January 12, 1975. Box: 9, Folder: 8. ACTWU VP Papers.
Chuck Bell, “Jackson Draws Ire of Marchers,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 16, 1975.
Fay Joyce, and Valerie Price. “King Center Ground Broken as His City Remembers,” The Atlanta Constitution, January 16, 1975.
Philip Shabecoff, “Aide Explains Ford’s Adoption of New Economic Policy,” The New York Times, January 15, 1975.
Soma Golden, “High Joblessness Expected to Persist as a Condition of U.S. Through Decade,” The New York Times, April 21, 1975.
Helen Ginsburg, “Deliberate Unemployment: The Strategy of Misery,” The Nation, February 1, 1975. Box: 9, Folder: 5. ACTWU VP Papers.
“Greenspan Says Rate of Jobless Will Ease Slowly.” The New York Times, June 23, 1975; “Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject: Unemployment Rate, 1948–2014,” Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet (accessed July 1, 2013).
Jobs and Prices in Atlanta: Hearing before the Joint Economic Committee Congress of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975, 15–29.
The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Social Change, “Conference Program: A Full Employment Economy, Eighth Annual Birthday Celebration, Forty-Seventh Anniversary for the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr.,” January 1976. Box: 12, Folder: 31. Robinson Papers.
Coretta Scott King, “Press Conference: Statement by Coretta Scott King,” January 19, 1976. Box: 12, Folder: 31. Robinson Papers; “H.15 Selected Interest Rates.” Data Download Program, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. http://www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/Download.aspx?rel=H15&series=6fa2b8138e0eafe0ad6cde24ba2307f5&filetype=spreadsheetml&label=include&layout=seriescolumn&from=01/01/1929&to=01/31/2015 (accessed March 14, 2015).
Erwin C. Hargrove, and Samuel A. Morley, eds., “The Council of Economic Advisers Under Chairman Alan Greenspan, 1974–1977: Oral History Interview,” in The President and the Council of Economic Advisers: Interviews with CEA Chairmen (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 445.
Coretta Scott King, “Pamphlet: Why We Still Can’t Wait,” N.D. Circa 1975–1976. Box: 12, Folder: 32. Robinson Papers.
Massachusetts Coalition for Full Employment, “Meeting Minutes,” August 22, 1977. Box: 7, Folder: 22. Julius Bernstein Papers, WAG 116, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University (hereafter cited as Bernstein Papers); “Millions Turn Out for Full Employment Week,” Full Employment Advocate, October 1977. Box: 64, Folder: 13. UFT Papers.
Full Employment Action Council, “Countown: Full Employment Week,” July 25, 1977. Box: 7, Folder: 22. Bernstein Papers. “Report from Regional Groups,” August 19, 1977. Box: 7, Folder: 22. Bernstein Papers.
“Speakers at Herald Square Rally Hold Carter to Promise on Jobs,” The New York Times, September 8, 1977; “Millions Turn Out for Full Employment Week,” Full Employment Advocate, October 1977. Box: 64, Folder: 13. UFT Papers.
“Americans Demand Jobs, Not Promises,” Full Employment Advocate, October 1977. Box: 64, Folder: 13. UFT Papers.
“Full Employment Action Council Board Meeting Minutes,” November 10, 1977. Box: 178, Folder: 21. Sheinkman Papers.
Andrew Levison, The National Committee for Full Employment and the Full Employment Action Council in the 1970s. Interview by David Stein, November 14, 2013.
Benjamin C. Waterhouse, Lobbying America: The Politics of Business from Nixon to NAFTA (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).
“The Final Days: Diary of Senate Action,” Full Employment Action News, November 1978. Box: 64, Folder: 13. UFT Papers.
Coretta Scott King, “Letter to Black Americans, and to Everyone Who Supports Full Economic Rights for All Minorities,” October 19, 1978. Box: 72, Folder: 32. ACTWU Secretary-Treasurer Papers.
Employment and Training Programs in the United States: Hearings on Examination of Objectives of Employment Training Policy and the Relationship Between Federal and State and Local Governments in the Funding, Design and Administration of Employment and Training Programs, Part 1, Before the Subcommittee on Employment and Productivity of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, 97th Cong. 960 (1981).
Full Employment Action Council, “Will You Be the Next Casualty of Reaganomics,” 1983. Box: 30, Folder: 32. Finley Papers.
“The Black Radical Congress: A Black Freedom Agenda for the Twenty-First Century,” The Black Scholar 28, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 72.; Tony Mazzocchi, We Want to Redefine what Society is All About. Interview by Sheila Mannix, February 1, 1997. http://zcomm.org/zmagazine/we-want-to-redefine-what-society-is-all-about-by-mark-harris/ (accessed April 28, 2014).
Robin Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002).
“Fundraising Letter and Campaign Update,” May 1977. Box: 12, Folder: 31. Robinson Papers.
The Black Labor Collaborative, “A Future for Workers: A Contribution from Black Labor,” Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, July 2015. http://cbtu.org/pdf/a_future_for_workers.pdf (accessed August 24, 2015).