Australian Indonesia-specialists and debates on West Papua: Implications for Australia-Indonesia relations1

1. This research was funded by the Department of Education, Science and Training (recently named: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations), Australian Government, under a 2007 Endeavour-Indonesia Research Fellowship, which was carried out at the Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University. I owe a special debt to Edward Aspinall, Greg Fealy, Barbara Hatley and Rommel Curaming for offering me insightful commentaries on the initial draft of this paper. I am extremely grateful to Kathy Robinson and Jemma Purdey for providing me with several indispensable articles, a number of Australian Indonesia-specialists, whose names I cannot mention one by one, who gave generously of their time to talk to me, and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful commentaries and support. None, however, is responsible for any remaining errors. View all notes

This article explores the modes by which Australian scholars construct knowledge of Indonesia with particular reference to the debates on West Papua in the post-Suharto period. It examines their perceptions, beliefs and attitudes towards human rights issues with a view to analysing the underlying forces, motivations and implications of activism. This article casts doubt on a common, yet often unacknowledged, perception in Indonesia about Australian Indonesia-specialists who are categorised as: intellectuals who always see Indonesian government policies as ‘negative’.2

I demonstrate that the theorisation of Indonesian society has been diverse in Australia as exemplified by the West Papua debates. Australian scholars’ social positions and mobility, not government policy, shape their beliefs, attitudes and knowledge construction of Indonesia. Thus, considering Australian scholars from a monolithic perspective misses the reality that contemporary intellectual culture in Australia is no longer based on a traditional class.3

3. For an excellent discussion on contemporary intellectual culture, see Eyerman (1994). View all notes

I argue there are two major opposing groups in West Papua studies which I label as the ‘affirmative revisionist’ scholars who tend to be more optimistic towards resolution of conflicts in West Papua and the ‘sceptical reformist’ scholars who are dubious about any major changes in West Papua. This latter group believes the people of West Papua should be given the opportunity to remain integrated with Indonesia or to opt for selfdetermination. They tend to use the perceived failure of Indonesia in the protection of human rights in West Papua to attack the Indonesian government and Australian governmental agencies dealing with Indonesia. This article argues that this criticism may adversely impact on future Australia-Indonesia relations.