The submarine intrusions in Swedish territorial waters in the 1980s have received extensive attention. According to one theory, after the incident in 1981 when a Soviet submarine ran aground close to a Swedish naval base, Western submarines conducted subsequent intrusions as a psychological operation to affect Swedish foreign policy. In support of such claims, submarine observations and interviews with high-ranking Western officials have been put forth. However, the proposed evidence presented in Ola Tunander's article ‘Subs and PSYOPs’ in Intelligence and National Security can either be refuted or is inconclusive.
Ralf Lillbacka holds a PhD in Political Science and is a Senior Lecturer in the Sector of Social Services and Health Care at Novia, the University of Applied Sciences, in Vasa, Finland. He has previously published studies concerning intelligence matters in Northern Europe and epistemological issues in intelligence studies and analysis.
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